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The Prevention of Landslides Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in a Geographic Information System (GIS) Environment in the Province of Larache, Morocco
Corresponding Author(s) : Ikram El Hamdouni
Geomatics and Environmental Engineering,
Vol. 16 No. 2 (2022): Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
Abstract
Landslides are one of the natural hazards that many countries around the world are facing. In Morocco, the Rif regions are the most affected by these phenomena. Each year they cause enormous damage to the road network and infrastructure, especially in our study region, the province of Larache.
The study region is subject to several opening up and road construction projects, which is why it is necessary to predict and identify the most vulnerable areas beforehand, in order to propose measures and techniques which are adequate for protection and reinforcement.
The main goal of this study is to develop a susceptibility map to ground movements using a multi-criteria spatial assessment approach, and in order to reduce subjectivity, we have used a method for analyzing such complex decisions, which is the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) implemented in the geographic information system (GIS). Seven factors have been considered as conditioning factors in the occurrence of landslides, which are: lithology, fracturing density, slope, aspect, land use, density of the hydrographic network, and altitude. To verify the results obtained, we performed a correlation analysis of ground movements, already inventoried and verified in the field, with the susceptibility classes that were calculated. This analysis is accompanied by a statistical study.
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- Margaa K.: Essai de cartographie des risques naturels: application à l’aménagement de la région d’Al Hoceima (Rif, Nord-Maroc). Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 1994 [Ph.D. thesis].
- Fares A.: Essai méthodologique de la cartographie des risques naturels liés aux mouvements de terrain: Application à l’aménagement de la ville de Taounate (Rif, Maroc). Université de Franche Comté, Besançon 1994 [Ph.D. thesis].
- Mastere M.: La susceptibilité aux mouvements de terrain dans la province de Chefchaouen: Analyse spatiale, modélisation probabiliste multi-échelle et impacts sur l’aménagement & l’urbanisme. Université Mohammed V, Rabat 2011 [Ph.D. thesis].
- Moradi M., Bazyar M.H., Mohammadi Z.: GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping by AHP method, a case study, Dena City, Iran. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, vol. 2(7), 2012, pp. 6715–6723. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285837947.
- Saaty T.L.: The Analytic Hierarchy Process: Planning, Priority Setting, Resources Allocation. McGraw-Hill International Book Co., New York – London 1980.
- Vargas E.A., Velloso R.C., de Campos T.M.P., Costa Filho L.M.: Saturated-unsaturated analysis of water flow in slopes of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 10(3), 1990, pp. 247–261.
- Malczewski J.: GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis. Wiley, Toronto 1999.
- Morel J.-L.: Evolution récente de l’orogène rifain et de son avant-pays depuis la fin de la mise en place des nappes (Rif, Maroc). Géodiffusion, Paris 1987.
- Aït Brahim L.: Tectonique cassante récente au Nord du Maroc: Contribution à l’étude du risque sismotectonique. Université Mohamed V, Rabat 1991 [Ph.D. thesis].
- Morel J.L., Meghraoui M.: Goringe-Alboran-Tell tectonic zone: a transpression system along the Africa-Eurasia plate boundary. Geology, vol. 24, 1996, pp. 755–758.
- Zakir A., Chalouan A., Feinberg H.: Évolution tectono-sédimentaire d’un domained’avant-chaîne: exemple des bassins d’El Habt et de Sidi Mrayt; Rif externenord-occidental (Maroc); précisions stratigraphiques. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, vol. 175(4), 2004, pp. 383–397. https://doi.org/10.2113/175.4.383.
- Suter G.: Carte géologique/structurale de la chaîne rifaine, échelle 1:500 000. Service Géologique du Maroc, Rabat 1980.
- El Kadiri K., de Galdeano C.S., Pedrera A., Chalouan A., Galindo-Zaldívar J., Julià R., Akil M., Hlila R., Ahmamou M.: Eustatic and tectonic controls on Quaternary Ras Leona marine terraces (Strait of Gibraltar, northern Morocco). Quaternary Research, vol. 74, 2010, pp. 277–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.06.008.
- Neaupane K.M., Piantanakulchai M.: Analytic network process model for landslide hazard zonation. Engineering Geology, vol. 85(3–4), 2006, pp. 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.02.003.
- AitBrahim L., Bousta M., Jemmah I.A., El Hamdouni I., El Mahsani A., Abdelouafi A., SosseyAlaoui F., Lallout I.: Landslide susceptibility mapping using AHP method and GIS in the peninsula of Tangier (Rif-northern morocco). MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 149, 2018, 02084. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902084 CMSS-2017.
- Saaty T.L.: An Exposition of the AHP in Reply to the Paper “Remarks on the Analytic Hierarchy Process”. Management Science, vol. 36, no. 3, 1990, pp. 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.36.3.259.
- Yalcin A.: GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using analytical hierarchy process and bivariate statistics in Ardesen (Turkey): Comparisons of results and confirmations. CATENA, vol. 72(1), 2008, pp. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2007.01.003.
- Pourghasemi H.-R.: Landslide hazard assessment using fuzzy logic (Case Study: A part of Haraz Watershed). Tarbiat Modares University International Campus, Teheran 2008 [M.Sc. thesis].
- Aït Brahim L., Mansour M., Sossey Alaoui F., El Hamdouni I.: Rôle de la fracturation dans la désagrégation mécanique des calcaires et la mise en mouvement de la coulée de pierres d’Amtrasse (Rif, Maroc). [in:] Sahli M., Bahi L., Khalid R. (éd.), L’implication de la géotechnique dans le développement des infrastructures en Afrique, Megamix, Casablanca 2003, pp. 69–79.
- Ercanoglu M., Gokceoglu C.: Use of fuzzy relations to produce landslide susceptibility map of a landslide prone area (Ouest Black Sea Region, Turkey). Engineering Geology, vol. 75, 2004, pp. 229–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.06.001.
- Rozos D., Pyrgiotis L., Skias S., Tsagaratos P.: An implementation of rock engineering system for ranking the instability potential of natural slopes in Greek territory: an application in Karditsa County. Landslides, vol. 5(3), 2008, pp. 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-008-0117-4.
- Greenbaum D., Tutton M., Bowker M.R., Browne T.J., Buleka J., Greally K.B., Kuna G., McDonald A.J.W., Marsh S.H., Northmore K.H., O’Connor E.A., Tragheim D.G.: Rapid methods of landslide hazard mapping: Papua New Guinea-case study. British Geological Survey Technical Report_WC/95/27, 1995.
- Creighton R. (ed.): Landslides in Ireland. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin 2006.
- Hatamifar R., Mousavi S.H., Alimoradi M.: Landslide hazard zonation using AHP model and GIS technique in Khoram Abad City. Geomorphology and Environmental Planning, vol. 23(3), 2012, pp. 43–60.
- Guzzetti F., Carrara A., Cardinalli M., Reichenbach P.: Landslide hazard evaluation: a review of current techniques and their application in a multi-scale study, Central Italy. Geomorphology, vol. 31, 1999, pp. 181–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(99)00078-1.
- Voogd H.: Multicriteria Evaluation for Urban and Regional Planning. Pion Ltd., London 1983.
- Nijkamp P., Rietveld P., Voogd H.: Multicriteria Evaluation in Physical Planning. North-Holland, Amsterdam – New York 1990.
References
Margaa K.: Essai de cartographie des risques naturels: application à l’aménagement de la région d’Al Hoceima (Rif, Nord-Maroc). Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon 1994 [Ph.D. thesis].
Fares A.: Essai méthodologique de la cartographie des risques naturels liés aux mouvements de terrain: Application à l’aménagement de la ville de Taounate (Rif, Maroc). Université de Franche Comté, Besançon 1994 [Ph.D. thesis].
Mastere M.: La susceptibilité aux mouvements de terrain dans la province de Chefchaouen: Analyse spatiale, modélisation probabiliste multi-échelle et impacts sur l’aménagement & l’urbanisme. Université Mohammed V, Rabat 2011 [Ph.D. thesis].
Moradi M., Bazyar M.H., Mohammadi Z.: GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping by AHP method, a case study, Dena City, Iran. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, vol. 2(7), 2012, pp. 6715–6723. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285837947.
Saaty T.L.: The Analytic Hierarchy Process: Planning, Priority Setting, Resources Allocation. McGraw-Hill International Book Co., New York – London 1980.
Vargas E.A., Velloso R.C., de Campos T.M.P., Costa Filho L.M.: Saturated-unsaturated analysis of water flow in slopes of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Computers and Geotechnics, vol. 10(3), 1990, pp. 247–261.
Malczewski J.: GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis. Wiley, Toronto 1999.
Morel J.-L.: Evolution récente de l’orogène rifain et de son avant-pays depuis la fin de la mise en place des nappes (Rif, Maroc). Géodiffusion, Paris 1987.
Aït Brahim L.: Tectonique cassante récente au Nord du Maroc: Contribution à l’étude du risque sismotectonique. Université Mohamed V, Rabat 1991 [Ph.D. thesis].
Morel J.L., Meghraoui M.: Goringe-Alboran-Tell tectonic zone: a transpression system along the Africa-Eurasia plate boundary. Geology, vol. 24, 1996, pp. 755–758.
Zakir A., Chalouan A., Feinberg H.: Évolution tectono-sédimentaire d’un domained’avant-chaîne: exemple des bassins d’El Habt et de Sidi Mrayt; Rif externenord-occidental (Maroc); précisions stratigraphiques. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, vol. 175(4), 2004, pp. 383–397. https://doi.org/10.2113/175.4.383.
Suter G.: Carte géologique/structurale de la chaîne rifaine, échelle 1:500 000. Service Géologique du Maroc, Rabat 1980.
El Kadiri K., de Galdeano C.S., Pedrera A., Chalouan A., Galindo-Zaldívar J., Julià R., Akil M., Hlila R., Ahmamou M.: Eustatic and tectonic controls on Quaternary Ras Leona marine terraces (Strait of Gibraltar, northern Morocco). Quaternary Research, vol. 74, 2010, pp. 277–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.06.008.
Neaupane K.M., Piantanakulchai M.: Analytic network process model for landslide hazard zonation. Engineering Geology, vol. 85(3–4), 2006, pp. 281–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2006.02.003.
AitBrahim L., Bousta M., Jemmah I.A., El Hamdouni I., El Mahsani A., Abdelouafi A., SosseyAlaoui F., Lallout I.: Landslide susceptibility mapping using AHP method and GIS in the peninsula of Tangier (Rif-northern morocco). MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 149, 2018, 02084. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902084 CMSS-2017.
Saaty T.L.: An Exposition of the AHP in Reply to the Paper “Remarks on the Analytic Hierarchy Process”. Management Science, vol. 36, no. 3, 1990, pp. 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.36.3.259.
Yalcin A.: GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using analytical hierarchy process and bivariate statistics in Ardesen (Turkey): Comparisons of results and confirmations. CATENA, vol. 72(1), 2008, pp. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2007.01.003.
Pourghasemi H.-R.: Landslide hazard assessment using fuzzy logic (Case Study: A part of Haraz Watershed). Tarbiat Modares University International Campus, Teheran 2008 [M.Sc. thesis].
Aït Brahim L., Mansour M., Sossey Alaoui F., El Hamdouni I.: Rôle de la fracturation dans la désagrégation mécanique des calcaires et la mise en mouvement de la coulée de pierres d’Amtrasse (Rif, Maroc). [in:] Sahli M., Bahi L., Khalid R. (éd.), L’implication de la géotechnique dans le développement des infrastructures en Afrique, Megamix, Casablanca 2003, pp. 69–79.
Ercanoglu M., Gokceoglu C.: Use of fuzzy relations to produce landslide susceptibility map of a landslide prone area (Ouest Black Sea Region, Turkey). Engineering Geology, vol. 75, 2004, pp. 229–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.06.001.
Rozos D., Pyrgiotis L., Skias S., Tsagaratos P.: An implementation of rock engineering system for ranking the instability potential of natural slopes in Greek territory: an application in Karditsa County. Landslides, vol. 5(3), 2008, pp. 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-008-0117-4.
Greenbaum D., Tutton M., Bowker M.R., Browne T.J., Buleka J., Greally K.B., Kuna G., McDonald A.J.W., Marsh S.H., Northmore K.H., O’Connor E.A., Tragheim D.G.: Rapid methods of landslide hazard mapping: Papua New Guinea-case study. British Geological Survey Technical Report_WC/95/27, 1995.
Creighton R. (ed.): Landslides in Ireland. Geological Survey of Ireland, Dublin 2006.
Hatamifar R., Mousavi S.H., Alimoradi M.: Landslide hazard zonation using AHP model and GIS technique in Khoram Abad City. Geomorphology and Environmental Planning, vol. 23(3), 2012, pp. 43–60.
Guzzetti F., Carrara A., Cardinalli M., Reichenbach P.: Landslide hazard evaluation: a review of current techniques and their application in a multi-scale study, Central Italy. Geomorphology, vol. 31, 1999, pp. 181–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(99)00078-1.
Voogd H.: Multicriteria Evaluation for Urban and Regional Planning. Pion Ltd., London 1983.
Nijkamp P., Rietveld P., Voogd H.: Multicriteria Evaluation in Physical Planning. North-Holland, Amsterdam – New York 1990.