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Leachate Monitoring and an Assessment of Groundwater Pollution from the Tangier Landfill
Corresponding Author(s) : Ikram Elmaghnougi
Geomatics and Environmental Engineering,
Vol. 16 No. 3 (2022): Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
Abstract
Leachate from public landfill in the city of Tangier, which is neither collected nor treated, could constitute a probable source of pollution of the groundwater table and of those of the Mlalah and Khandak Bou Hajjar wadis in the east, and the Mghogha and Ghir Boudra wadis to the south.
This work aims to analyze the level of contamination at Tangier’s municipal waste disposal. The leachate samples were collected and analyzed during the period from 2016 to 2019 and the physicochemical parameters (humidity, pH, organic matter, etc.) were determined on these samples as well as the contents of five heavy metals (lead, cadmium, iron, chrome and zinc). Analysis of the well water shows the presence of polluting elements in the leachate water and a high concentration of metals (especially iron) that exceeds standards. This makes the effluent extremely toxic and thus presents a permanent threat to the health of the local population and the surrounding environment.
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- Saadi S., Sbaa M., El Kharmouz M.: Caractérisation physico-chimique de lixiviats du centre d’enfouisement technique de la vile d’Oujda (Maroc oriental). Science Library, Editions Mersenne, vol. 5, 2013, 130517, pp. 1–12.
- Deneuvy J.-Ph.: Les Lixiviats de décharge: approche méthodologique de leur toxicité aiguë en fonction des différents modes de traitement. Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, Lyon 1987 [Ph.D. thesis].
- Perrodin Y.: Proposition méthodologique pour l’évaluation de l’écotoxicité des eflluents aqueux: Mise au point d’un Multi-Test Macroinvertébrés (M.T.M.) – Application aux lixiviats de décharges et à leurs composants caractéristiques. Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, Lyon 1988 [Ph.D. thesis].
- El Khamlichi M.A., Lakrabni S., Kabbaj M., Jarby E., Kouhen M.: Etude d’impact de la décharge d’Akrach (Rabat, Maroc) sur la qualité des ressources en eau. Revue Marocaine Civil, no. 68, 1997, pp. 17–31.
- Gloaquin A.: Diagnostic des déchets ménagers et des déchets professionnels de la commune de Mohammédia (Maroc). Techniques Sciences Méthodes (TSM), no. 4, 1997, pp. 58–67.
- Lobina E., Hall D.: Problems with private water concessions: a review of experience. Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), 2003.
- Kaschl A.: Trace metal binding by organic matter from municipal solid waste compost and consequences for mobility in compost amended soils under semiarid conditions (Gaza strip). Berichte aus der Umweltwissenschaft, 2001.
- Sawyer C.N., McCarty P.L., Parkin G.F.: Chemistry for Environmental and Engineering Science. 5th ed. McGraw Hill, New York 2003.
- Waterton T.: The effect of tipped domestic refuse on groundwater quality. Water Treatment and Examination, vol. 18, 1969, pp. 15–69.
- Ragle N., Kissel J., Ongenh J.E., Dewalle F.: Composition and variability of leachate from recent and aged areas within a municipal landfill. Water Environment Research, vol. 67(2), 1995, pp. 238–743.
- Hakkou R., Wahbi M., Bachnou A., Elamari K., Hanich L., Hibti M.: Impact de la décharge publique de Marrakech (Maroc) sur les ressources en eau. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. 60, 2001, pp. 325–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100640100117.
- Document de marketing du territoire de la RTT, 2004.
- Dalun H., Abdullah M.O.: Regional leachate discharge, monitoring and the associated riverine pollutants propagation model simulation of Sungai Sarawak in Malaysia. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 303, 2021, 127091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127091.
- El Markhi M., Sadek S., El Kharrim K., Ben El Harkati F., Dakir Z., Belghyti D.: Caractérisation physicochimique du lixiviat de la décharge d’ouled berjal, (Kenitra, Maroc). Science Library, Editions Mersenne, vol. 5, 2013, 130203, pp. 1–9.
- Ministry of the Environment of Morocco, 2002.
- Khattabi H.: Intérêt de l’étude des paramètres hydrogéologiques et hydrobiologiques pour la compréhension du fonctionnement de la station de traitement des lixiviats de la décharge d’ordures ménagères d’Etueffont (Belfort, France). Université de Franche-Comté, UFR des sciences et techniques, Besançon, France 2002 [Ph.D. thesis].
- Christensen T.H., Kjeidsen R., Bjerg P.L., Jensen D.L., Christensen J., Bauna A., Albrechtsen H.J., Heron G.: Biogeochemistry of landfill leachate plumes. Applied Geochemistry, vol. 16(7–8), 2001, pp. 659–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00082-2.
- Ozzane F.: Les lixiviats de décharges: le point des connaissances en 1990. Techniques, Sciences et Méthodes – l’Eau, vol. 3, 1990, pp. 289–312.
- Makhoukh M., Sbaa M., Berrahou A., van Clooster M.: Contribution A L’etude Physico-Chimique Des Eaux Superficielles De L’oued Moulouya (Maroc Oriental). Larhyss Journal, no. 09, 2011, pp. 149–169.
- Kouadio G., Dongui B., Trokourey A.: Détermination de la pollution chimique des eaux de la zone de la décharge d’Akouédo-Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). Revue Ivoirienne des Sciences et Technologie, Série A: Sciences Physiques, no. 1, 2000, pp. 34–41.
- Mekaikia M.M., Belabbed B., Djabri L., Hani A., Laour R.: Caractéristiques de la décharge publique de la ville de Tiaret et son impact sur la qualité des eaux souterraines. Courrier du Savoir, no. 8, 2007, pp. 93–99.
- Rodier J., Legube B., Merlet N., Brunet R.: L’Analyse de l’Eau. 9e édt. Dunod, Paris 2009.
- Leachate analysis bulletin, 2015.
- Leachate analysis bulletin, 2013.
- Boubakar Hassane A.: Contribution à l’étude de la pollution des aquifères superficiels et profonds en milieu urbain d’Afrique: cas de la communauté urbaine de Niamey. DEA. Université Cheick Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar 2003.
- Kulikowska D., Klimiuk E.: The effect of landfill age on municipal leachate composition. Bioresource Technology, vol. 99(13), 2008, pp. 5981–5985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.10.015.
- Tchobanoglous G., Theisen H., Vigil S.A.: Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues. 1st ed. McGraw-Hill Series in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York 1993.
- Shivakumar D., Thandaveswara B.S., Chandrasekaran K.D.: Solid waste leachate quality and its effects on soil properties. Pollution Research, vol. 23(1), 2004, pp. 69–81.
- Salem Z., Hamouri K., Djemaa R., Allia K.: Evaluation of landfill leachate pollution and treatment. Desalination, vol. 220(1–3), 2008, 108e114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.026.
- Stora Enso: Miljöredovisning 2020. Stora Enso environmental report, 2000 [in Swedish].
- Chian E.S.K., DeWalle F.B.: Sanitary landfill leachates and their treatment. Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, vol. 102(2), 1976, pp. 411–431.
- Robinson H.C., Maris P.J.: Leachate from Domestic Waste Generation, Composition and Treatment: A Review. Technical Report TR, 108, Water Research Centre, 1979.
- Belevi H., Baccini P.: Long-term behavior of municipal solid waste landfills. Waste Management and Research, vol. 7(1), 1989, pp. 743–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/0734-242X(89)90007-4.
- Qasim S.R., Chiang W.: Sanitary Landfill Leachate: Generation, Control and Treatment. Technomic Publishing, Lancaster 1994.
- Ramade F.: Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences de l’eau: biogéochimie et écologie des eaux continentales et littorales. Ediscience, 1998.
- Reinhart D.R., Grosh C.J.: Analysis of Florida MSW landfill leachate quality. Report 97:3, Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Florida 1998.
- Mor S., Ravindra K., Dahiya R.P., Chandra A.: Leachate characterization and assessment of groundwater pollution near municipal solid waste landfll site. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 118, 2006, pp. 435–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-1505-7.
- Longe E.O., Enekwechi L.O.: Investigation on potential groundwater impacts and influence of local hydrogeology on natural attenuation of leachate at a municipal landfill. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 4(1), 2007, pp. 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325971.
- Todd D.K.: Groundwater Hydrology. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York 1980.
- Appelo C.A.J., Postma D.: Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution. Balkema, Rotterdam 1993.
- Balakrishnan P., Saleem A., Mallikarjun N.D.: Groundwater quality mapping using geographic information system (GIS): A case study of Gulbarga City, Karnataka, India. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 5(12), 2011, pp. 1069–1084. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST11.134.
- Rowe R.K., Quicgley R.M., Booker J.R.: Clayey Barrier Systems for Waste Disposal Facilities. E & FN Spon, London 1995.
References
Saadi S., Sbaa M., El Kharmouz M.: Caractérisation physico-chimique de lixiviats du centre d’enfouisement technique de la vile d’Oujda (Maroc oriental). Science Library, Editions Mersenne, vol. 5, 2013, 130517, pp. 1–12.
Deneuvy J.-Ph.: Les Lixiviats de décharge: approche méthodologique de leur toxicité aiguë en fonction des différents modes de traitement. Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, Lyon 1987 [Ph.D. thesis].
Perrodin Y.: Proposition méthodologique pour l’évaluation de l’écotoxicité des eflluents aqueux: Mise au point d’un Multi-Test Macroinvertébrés (M.T.M.) – Application aux lixiviats de décharges et à leurs composants caractéristiques. Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, Lyon 1988 [Ph.D. thesis].
El Khamlichi M.A., Lakrabni S., Kabbaj M., Jarby E., Kouhen M.: Etude d’impact de la décharge d’Akrach (Rabat, Maroc) sur la qualité des ressources en eau. Revue Marocaine Civil, no. 68, 1997, pp. 17–31.
Gloaquin A.: Diagnostic des déchets ménagers et des déchets professionnels de la commune de Mohammédia (Maroc). Techniques Sciences Méthodes (TSM), no. 4, 1997, pp. 58–67.
Lobina E., Hall D.: Problems with private water concessions: a review of experience. Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), 2003.
Kaschl A.: Trace metal binding by organic matter from municipal solid waste compost and consequences for mobility in compost amended soils under semiarid conditions (Gaza strip). Berichte aus der Umweltwissenschaft, 2001.
Sawyer C.N., McCarty P.L., Parkin G.F.: Chemistry for Environmental and Engineering Science. 5th ed. McGraw Hill, New York 2003.
Waterton T.: The effect of tipped domestic refuse on groundwater quality. Water Treatment and Examination, vol. 18, 1969, pp. 15–69.
Ragle N., Kissel J., Ongenh J.E., Dewalle F.: Composition and variability of leachate from recent and aged areas within a municipal landfill. Water Environment Research, vol. 67(2), 1995, pp. 238–743.
Hakkou R., Wahbi M., Bachnou A., Elamari K., Hanich L., Hibti M.: Impact de la décharge publique de Marrakech (Maroc) sur les ressources en eau. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, vol. 60, 2001, pp. 325–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100640100117.
Document de marketing du territoire de la RTT, 2004.
Dalun H., Abdullah M.O.: Regional leachate discharge, monitoring and the associated riverine pollutants propagation model simulation of Sungai Sarawak in Malaysia. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 303, 2021, 127091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127091.
El Markhi M., Sadek S., El Kharrim K., Ben El Harkati F., Dakir Z., Belghyti D.: Caractérisation physicochimique du lixiviat de la décharge d’ouled berjal, (Kenitra, Maroc). Science Library, Editions Mersenne, vol. 5, 2013, 130203, pp. 1–9.
Ministry of the Environment of Morocco, 2002.
Khattabi H.: Intérêt de l’étude des paramètres hydrogéologiques et hydrobiologiques pour la compréhension du fonctionnement de la station de traitement des lixiviats de la décharge d’ordures ménagères d’Etueffont (Belfort, France). Université de Franche-Comté, UFR des sciences et techniques, Besançon, France 2002 [Ph.D. thesis].
Christensen T.H., Kjeidsen R., Bjerg P.L., Jensen D.L., Christensen J., Bauna A., Albrechtsen H.J., Heron G.: Biogeochemistry of landfill leachate plumes. Applied Geochemistry, vol. 16(7–8), 2001, pp. 659–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00082-2.
Ozzane F.: Les lixiviats de décharges: le point des connaissances en 1990. Techniques, Sciences et Méthodes – l’Eau, vol. 3, 1990, pp. 289–312.
Makhoukh M., Sbaa M., Berrahou A., van Clooster M.: Contribution A L’etude Physico-Chimique Des Eaux Superficielles De L’oued Moulouya (Maroc Oriental). Larhyss Journal, no. 09, 2011, pp. 149–169.
Kouadio G., Dongui B., Trokourey A.: Détermination de la pollution chimique des eaux de la zone de la décharge d’Akouédo-Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). Revue Ivoirienne des Sciences et Technologie, Série A: Sciences Physiques, no. 1, 2000, pp. 34–41.
Mekaikia M.M., Belabbed B., Djabri L., Hani A., Laour R.: Caractéristiques de la décharge publique de la ville de Tiaret et son impact sur la qualité des eaux souterraines. Courrier du Savoir, no. 8, 2007, pp. 93–99.
Rodier J., Legube B., Merlet N., Brunet R.: L’Analyse de l’Eau. 9e édt. Dunod, Paris 2009.
Leachate analysis bulletin, 2015.
Leachate analysis bulletin, 2013.
Boubakar Hassane A.: Contribution à l’étude de la pollution des aquifères superficiels et profonds en milieu urbain d’Afrique: cas de la communauté urbaine de Niamey. DEA. Université Cheick Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar 2003.
Kulikowska D., Klimiuk E.: The effect of landfill age on municipal leachate composition. Bioresource Technology, vol. 99(13), 2008, pp. 5981–5985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.10.015.
Tchobanoglous G., Theisen H., Vigil S.A.: Integrated Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and Management Issues. 1st ed. McGraw-Hill Series in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York 1993.
Shivakumar D., Thandaveswara B.S., Chandrasekaran K.D.: Solid waste leachate quality and its effects on soil properties. Pollution Research, vol. 23(1), 2004, pp. 69–81.
Salem Z., Hamouri K., Djemaa R., Allia K.: Evaluation of landfill leachate pollution and treatment. Desalination, vol. 220(1–3), 2008, 108e114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.026.
Stora Enso: Miljöredovisning 2020. Stora Enso environmental report, 2000 [in Swedish].
Chian E.S.K., DeWalle F.B.: Sanitary landfill leachates and their treatment. Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, vol. 102(2), 1976, pp. 411–431.
Robinson H.C., Maris P.J.: Leachate from Domestic Waste Generation, Composition and Treatment: A Review. Technical Report TR, 108, Water Research Centre, 1979.
Belevi H., Baccini P.: Long-term behavior of municipal solid waste landfills. Waste Management and Research, vol. 7(1), 1989, pp. 743–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/0734-242X(89)90007-4.
Qasim S.R., Chiang W.: Sanitary Landfill Leachate: Generation, Control and Treatment. Technomic Publishing, Lancaster 1994.
Ramade F.: Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences de l’eau: biogéochimie et écologie des eaux continentales et littorales. Ediscience, 1998.
Reinhart D.R., Grosh C.J.: Analysis of Florida MSW landfill leachate quality. Report 97:3, Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Florida 1998.
Mor S., Ravindra K., Dahiya R.P., Chandra A.: Leachate characterization and assessment of groundwater pollution near municipal solid waste landfll site. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 118, 2006, pp. 435–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-1505-7.
Longe E.O., Enekwechi L.O.: Investigation on potential groundwater impacts and influence of local hydrogeology on natural attenuation of leachate at a municipal landfill. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 4(1), 2007, pp. 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325971.
Todd D.K.: Groundwater Hydrology. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York 1980.
Appelo C.A.J., Postma D.: Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution. Balkema, Rotterdam 1993.
Balakrishnan P., Saleem A., Mallikarjun N.D.: Groundwater quality mapping using geographic information system (GIS): A case study of Gulbarga City, Karnataka, India. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 5(12), 2011, pp. 1069–1084. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST11.134.
Rowe R.K., Quicgley R.M., Booker J.R.: Clayey Barrier Systems for Waste Disposal Facilities. E & FN Spon, London 1995.