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The Effectiveness of Master Plans: Case Studies of Biologically Active Areas in Suburban Zones
Corresponding Author(s) : Jan Kazak
Geomatics and Environmental Engineering,
Vol. 16 No. 3 (2022): Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
Abstract
Sustainable development on a local scale requires well-functioning instruments in the spatial planning system. Any weakness in the planning system may result in forms of spatial development that are socially, environmentally or economically disadvantageous. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine whether master plans and land development monitoring in the Polish system are effective instruments in shaping sustainable spatial development. The factor analyzed was the share of a biologically active area and four villages located near a regional city were analyzed. Data from master plans, cadaster and orthophoto maps were used in this study. Verification of land use made it possible to evaluate whether the properties meet the provisions of spatial planning documents. In each of the analyzed villages, properties that do not meet the provisions of master plans were identified. In one of the villages, more than half of the properties had a smaller share of biologically active areas than permitted by the local law. The research also analyzed alternative scenarios of the potential impact of the application of permanent vegetation on sealed surfaces. These results showed that using green roofs, for example, can significantly reduce the problem of local laws being broken. The results quantitatively confirm that the provision of master plans in the Polish system are not effective tools in regulating land development.
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- Noszczyk T., Rutkowska A., Hernik J.: Exploring the land use changes in Eastern Poland: statistics-based modeling. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, vol. 26(1), 2020, pp. 255–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1506254.
- Baixue W., Weiming C., Shengxin L.: Impact of Land Use Changes on Habitat Quality in Altay Region. Journal of Resources and Ecology, vol. 12, 2021, pp. 715–728. https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2021.06.001.
- Wiatkowska B., Słodczyk J., Stokowska A.: Spatial-Temporal Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Urban Areas Using Remote Sensing Images and GIS Analysis: The Case Study of Opole, Poland. Geosciences, vol. 11(8), 2021, 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11080312.
- Kumar S., Singh R.: Geospatial Applications in Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection for Sustainable Regional Development: The Case of Central Haryana, India. Geomatics and Environmental Engineering, vol. 15, no. 3, 2021, pp. 81–93. https://doi.org/10.7494/geom.2021.15.3.81.
- Wolny A., Źróbek-Różańska A., Źróbek R., Piotrowski M., Frey J.: Development of areas and public purpose investments in suburban territories. Real Estate Management and Valuation, vol. 22, 2014, pp. 86–97. https://doi.org/10.2478/remav-2014-0020.
- Źróbek-Różańska A., Źróbek S., Źróbek R.: Urban Sprawl and the Problems of Changes of Land Use on the Fringe Areas of Towns. [in:] The 9th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”, International Conference on Environmental Engineering (ICEE) Selected Papers, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Press Technika, Vilnius 2014. https://doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2014.140.
- Skiba M., Bazan-Krzywoszańska A., Eckert W., Mrówczyńska M., Sztubecka M.: Searching for new development in areas of the city. E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 45, 2018, 00080. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500080.
- Foryś I., Kazak J.: “Absorption” or “Carrying Capacity” of Areas – Assessment Methods on the Example of Detached Housing Real Estate. Real Estate Management and Valuation, vol. 27(2), 2019, pp. 5–19. https://doi.org/10.2478/remav-2019-0011.
- Solecka I., Sylla M., Świąder M.: Urban Sprawl Impact on Farmland Conversion in Suburban Area of Wroclaw, Poland. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 245(7), 2017, 072002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/245/7/072002.
- Stacherzak A., Hełdak M., Hájek L., Przybyła K.: State Interventionism in Agricultural Land Turnover in Poland. Sustainability, vol. 11, 2019, 1534. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061534.
- Kajdanek K.: Newcomers vs. Old-Timers? Community, Cooperation and Conflict in the Post-Socialist Suburbs of Wrocław, Poland. [in:] Watt P., Smets P. (eds.), Mobilities and Neighbourhood Belonging in Cities and Suburbs, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2014, pp. 182–199.
- Kostov I., Palicki S., Rącka I.: The Activities of Local Governments in the Revitalization of Public Space in Bulgaria and Poland. Real Estate Management and Valuation, vol. 25, 2017, pp. 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1515/remav-2017-0007.
- Bieda A.: Urban renewal and the value of real properties. Studia Regionalne i Lokalne, nr 3(69), 2017, pp. 5–28. https://doi.org/10.7366/1509499536901.
- Furmankiewicz M., Knieć W., Atterton J.: Rural governance in the new EU member states: The experience of the Polish LEADER+ pilot programme (2004–2008). [in:] Buček J., Ryder A. (eds.), Governance in Transition, Springer Geography, Springer, Dordrecht 2015, pp. 133–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5503-1_7.
- Krajewski P., Solecka I.: Management System of Urban Landscape in Poland on the Example of Wroclaw in the Context of European Landscape Convention Implementation. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 471(11), 2019, 112035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/11/112035.
- Kazak J.K., Hodor K., Wilkosz-Mamcarczyk M.: Natural Environment and Cultural Heritage in the City, a Sustainability Perspective. Sustainability, vol. 13(14), 2021, 7850. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147850.
- Solecka I., Bothmer D., Głogowski A.: Recognizing Landscapes for the Purpose of Sustainable Development – Experiences from Poland. Sustainability, vol. 11(12), 2019, 3429. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123429.
- Rozporządzenie Ministra Infrastruktury z dnia 12 kwietnia 2002 r. w sprawie warunków technicznych, jakim powinny odpowiadać budynki i ich usytuowanie [Regulation of the Minister of Infrastructure of 12 April 2002 on technical conditions which should correspond to the buildings and their location]. Dz.U. 2002 nr 75, poz. 690.
- Minixhofer P., Stangl R.: Green Infrastructures and the Consideration of Their Soil-Related Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas – A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, vol. 13(6), 2021, 3322. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063322.
- Akopov A.S., Beklaryan L.A., Beklaryan G.L.: Data on air pollutants and greenery in the city of Yerevan, Armenia. Data in Brief, vol. 25, 2019, 104028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104028.
- Canoui-Poitrine F., Cadot E., Spira A.: Excess deaths during the August 2003 heat wave in Paris, France. Revue d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, vol. 54(2), 2006, pp. 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0398-7620(06)76706-2.
- Szopińska K., Krajewska M., Kwiecień J.: The Impact of Road Traffic Noise on Housing Prices – Case Study in Poland. Real Estate Management and Valuation, vol. 28, 2020, pp. 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1515/remav-2020-0013.
- Dysarz T., Wicher-Dysarz J., Sojka M.: Assessment of the Impact of New Investments on Flood Hazard-Study Case: The Bridge on the Warta River near Wronki. Water, vol. 7, 2015, pp. 5752–5767. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7105752.
- Tokarczyk-Dorociak K., Walter E., Kobierska K., Kołodyński R.: Rainwater Management in the Urban Landscape of Wroclaw in Terms of Adaptation to Climate Changes. Journal of Ecological Engineering, vol. 18(6), 2017, pp. 171–184. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/76896.
- Kwartnik-Pruc A., Trembecka A.: Public Green Space Policy Implementation: A Case Study of Krakow, Poland. Sustainability, vol. 13(2), 2021, 538. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020538.
- Zygmunt R., Gaca R.: Influence of Recreational, Landscape and Protective Functions on the Value of Forest, Wooded and Bushy Properties in Urbanized Areas on the Example of the Local Market of the City of Krakow. Real Estate Management and Valuation, vol. 29, no. 4, 2021, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.2478/remav-2021-0025.
- Ustawa z dnia 27 marca 2003 r. o planowaniu i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym [Act of March 27, 2003 on spatial planning and development]. Dz.U. 2021 poz. 741.
- Miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego wsi Krzeptów – Uchwała nr XLVIII/353/02 Rady Miejskiej w Kątach Wrocławskich z dnia 25 kwietnia 2002 r. [Local spatial development plan for Krzeptów village – Resolution no. XLVIII/353/02 of 25 April 2002].
- Miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego wsi Domasław, położonej w obrębach: Domasław i Księginice – Uchwała nr XXI/256/12 Rady Gminy Kobierzyce z dnia 31 sierpnia 2012 r. [Local spatial development plan for Domasław village – Resolution no. XXI/256/12 of 31 August 2012].
- Miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego części wsi Karwiany – Komorowice II w gminie Żórawina – Uchwała nr XVI/99/2005 Rady Gminy Żórawina z dnia 28 września 2005 r. [Local spatial development plan for part of Karwiany – Komorowice II village – Resolution no. XVI/99/2005 of 28 September 2005].
- Miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego wsi Nadolice Małe – Uchwała nr XXXIV/289/2010 Rady Gminy Czernica z dnia 29 kwietnia 2010 r. [Local spatial development plan for Nadolice Małe village – Resolution no. XXXIV/289/2010 of 29 April 2010].
- Geoportal Dolny Śląsk [Geoportal of Lower Silesia]: https://geoportal.dolnyslask.pl/.
- Tokarczyk-Dorociak K., Kazak J.K., Haładyj A., Szewrański S., Świąder M.: Effectiveness of strategic environmental assessment in Poland. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, vol. 37(3–4), 2019, pp. 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/14615517.2019.1601441.
- Moteva M., Marinova B.: Agricultural land protection by spatial planning in Bulgaria. Geomatics and Environmental Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, 2020, pp. 89–105. https://doi.org/10.7494/geom.2020.14.3.89.
- Mrówczyńska M., Grzelak B., Sztubecki J.: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles as a Supporting Tool of Classic Land Surveying in Hard-to-Reach Areas. [in:] Popovic Z., Manakov A., Breskich V. (eds.), VIII International Scientific Siberian Transport Forum. TransSiberia 2019. Volume 1, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 1115, Springer, Cham 2020, pp. 717–729.
- Jawecki B., Sobota M., Burszta-Adamiak E.: The influence of new legal regulations on the method of determining the amount of fees for discharging rain water and snow water to water. Ekonomia i Środowisko, nr 1(68), 2019, pp. 37–56. https://doi.org/10.34659/dc9e-jf91.
- Kazak J., Szewranski S., Decewicz P.: Holistic Assessment of Spatial Policies for Sustainable Management: Case Study of Wroclaw Larger Urban Zone (Poland). [in:] Lee D.J., Dias E., Scholten H.J. (eds.), Geodesign by Integrating Design and Geospatial Sciences, GeoJournal Library, vol. 111, Springer, Cham 2014, pp. 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08299-8_5.
- Saadallah D.M.: Utilizing participatory mapping and PPGIS to examine the activities of local communities. Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 59(1), 2020, pp. 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2019.12.038.
References
Noszczyk T., Rutkowska A., Hernik J.: Exploring the land use changes in Eastern Poland: statistics-based modeling. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, vol. 26(1), 2020, pp. 255–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1506254.
Baixue W., Weiming C., Shengxin L.: Impact of Land Use Changes on Habitat Quality in Altay Region. Journal of Resources and Ecology, vol. 12, 2021, pp. 715–728. https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2021.06.001.
Wiatkowska B., Słodczyk J., Stokowska A.: Spatial-Temporal Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Urban Areas Using Remote Sensing Images and GIS Analysis: The Case Study of Opole, Poland. Geosciences, vol. 11(8), 2021, 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11080312.
Kumar S., Singh R.: Geospatial Applications in Land Use/Land Cover Change Detection for Sustainable Regional Development: The Case of Central Haryana, India. Geomatics and Environmental Engineering, vol. 15, no. 3, 2021, pp. 81–93. https://doi.org/10.7494/geom.2021.15.3.81.
Wolny A., Źróbek-Różańska A., Źróbek R., Piotrowski M., Frey J.: Development of areas and public purpose investments in suburban territories. Real Estate Management and Valuation, vol. 22, 2014, pp. 86–97. https://doi.org/10.2478/remav-2014-0020.
Źróbek-Różańska A., Źróbek S., Źróbek R.: Urban Sprawl and the Problems of Changes of Land Use on the Fringe Areas of Towns. [in:] The 9th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”, International Conference on Environmental Engineering (ICEE) Selected Papers, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Press Technika, Vilnius 2014. https://doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2014.140.
Skiba M., Bazan-Krzywoszańska A., Eckert W., Mrówczyńska M., Sztubecka M.: Searching for new development in areas of the city. E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 45, 2018, 00080. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500080.
Foryś I., Kazak J.: “Absorption” or “Carrying Capacity” of Areas – Assessment Methods on the Example of Detached Housing Real Estate. Real Estate Management and Valuation, vol. 27(2), 2019, pp. 5–19. https://doi.org/10.2478/remav-2019-0011.
Solecka I., Sylla M., Świąder M.: Urban Sprawl Impact on Farmland Conversion in Suburban Area of Wroclaw, Poland. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 245(7), 2017, 072002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/245/7/072002.
Stacherzak A., Hełdak M., Hájek L., Przybyła K.: State Interventionism in Agricultural Land Turnover in Poland. Sustainability, vol. 11, 2019, 1534. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061534.
Kajdanek K.: Newcomers vs. Old-Timers? Community, Cooperation and Conflict in the Post-Socialist Suburbs of Wrocław, Poland. [in:] Watt P., Smets P. (eds.), Mobilities and Neighbourhood Belonging in Cities and Suburbs, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2014, pp. 182–199.
Kostov I., Palicki S., Rącka I.: The Activities of Local Governments in the Revitalization of Public Space in Bulgaria and Poland. Real Estate Management and Valuation, vol. 25, 2017, pp. 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1515/remav-2017-0007.
Bieda A.: Urban renewal and the value of real properties. Studia Regionalne i Lokalne, nr 3(69), 2017, pp. 5–28. https://doi.org/10.7366/1509499536901.
Furmankiewicz M., Knieć W., Atterton J.: Rural governance in the new EU member states: The experience of the Polish LEADER+ pilot programme (2004–2008). [in:] Buček J., Ryder A. (eds.), Governance in Transition, Springer Geography, Springer, Dordrecht 2015, pp. 133–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5503-1_7.
Krajewski P., Solecka I.: Management System of Urban Landscape in Poland on the Example of Wroclaw in the Context of European Landscape Convention Implementation. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 471(11), 2019, 112035. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/11/112035.
Kazak J.K., Hodor K., Wilkosz-Mamcarczyk M.: Natural Environment and Cultural Heritage in the City, a Sustainability Perspective. Sustainability, vol. 13(14), 2021, 7850. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147850.
Solecka I., Bothmer D., Głogowski A.: Recognizing Landscapes for the Purpose of Sustainable Development – Experiences from Poland. Sustainability, vol. 11(12), 2019, 3429. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123429.
Rozporządzenie Ministra Infrastruktury z dnia 12 kwietnia 2002 r. w sprawie warunków technicznych, jakim powinny odpowiadać budynki i ich usytuowanie [Regulation of the Minister of Infrastructure of 12 April 2002 on technical conditions which should correspond to the buildings and their location]. Dz.U. 2002 nr 75, poz. 690.
Minixhofer P., Stangl R.: Green Infrastructures and the Consideration of Their Soil-Related Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas – A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability, vol. 13(6), 2021, 3322. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063322.
Akopov A.S., Beklaryan L.A., Beklaryan G.L.: Data on air pollutants and greenery in the city of Yerevan, Armenia. Data in Brief, vol. 25, 2019, 104028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104028.
Canoui-Poitrine F., Cadot E., Spira A.: Excess deaths during the August 2003 heat wave in Paris, France. Revue d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, vol. 54(2), 2006, pp. 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0398-7620(06)76706-2.
Szopińska K., Krajewska M., Kwiecień J.: The Impact of Road Traffic Noise on Housing Prices – Case Study in Poland. Real Estate Management and Valuation, vol. 28, 2020, pp. 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1515/remav-2020-0013.
Dysarz T., Wicher-Dysarz J., Sojka M.: Assessment of the Impact of New Investments on Flood Hazard-Study Case: The Bridge on the Warta River near Wronki. Water, vol. 7, 2015, pp. 5752–5767. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7105752.
Tokarczyk-Dorociak K., Walter E., Kobierska K., Kołodyński R.: Rainwater Management in the Urban Landscape of Wroclaw in Terms of Adaptation to Climate Changes. Journal of Ecological Engineering, vol. 18(6), 2017, pp. 171–184. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/76896.
Kwartnik-Pruc A., Trembecka A.: Public Green Space Policy Implementation: A Case Study of Krakow, Poland. Sustainability, vol. 13(2), 2021, 538. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020538.
Zygmunt R., Gaca R.: Influence of Recreational, Landscape and Protective Functions on the Value of Forest, Wooded and Bushy Properties in Urbanized Areas on the Example of the Local Market of the City of Krakow. Real Estate Management and Valuation, vol. 29, no. 4, 2021, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.2478/remav-2021-0025.
Ustawa z dnia 27 marca 2003 r. o planowaniu i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym [Act of March 27, 2003 on spatial planning and development]. Dz.U. 2021 poz. 741.
Miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego wsi Krzeptów – Uchwała nr XLVIII/353/02 Rady Miejskiej w Kątach Wrocławskich z dnia 25 kwietnia 2002 r. [Local spatial development plan for Krzeptów village – Resolution no. XLVIII/353/02 of 25 April 2002].
Miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego wsi Domasław, położonej w obrębach: Domasław i Księginice – Uchwała nr XXI/256/12 Rady Gminy Kobierzyce z dnia 31 sierpnia 2012 r. [Local spatial development plan for Domasław village – Resolution no. XXI/256/12 of 31 August 2012].
Miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego części wsi Karwiany – Komorowice II w gminie Żórawina – Uchwała nr XVI/99/2005 Rady Gminy Żórawina z dnia 28 września 2005 r. [Local spatial development plan for part of Karwiany – Komorowice II village – Resolution no. XVI/99/2005 of 28 September 2005].
Miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego wsi Nadolice Małe – Uchwała nr XXXIV/289/2010 Rady Gminy Czernica z dnia 29 kwietnia 2010 r. [Local spatial development plan for Nadolice Małe village – Resolution no. XXXIV/289/2010 of 29 April 2010].
Geoportal Dolny Śląsk [Geoportal of Lower Silesia]: https://geoportal.dolnyslask.pl/.
Tokarczyk-Dorociak K., Kazak J.K., Haładyj A., Szewrański S., Świąder M.: Effectiveness of strategic environmental assessment in Poland. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, vol. 37(3–4), 2019, pp. 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/14615517.2019.1601441.
Moteva M., Marinova B.: Agricultural land protection by spatial planning in Bulgaria. Geomatics and Environmental Engineering, vol. 14, no. 3, 2020, pp. 89–105. https://doi.org/10.7494/geom.2020.14.3.89.
Mrówczyńska M., Grzelak B., Sztubecki J.: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles as a Supporting Tool of Classic Land Surveying in Hard-to-Reach Areas. [in:] Popovic Z., Manakov A., Breskich V. (eds.), VIII International Scientific Siberian Transport Forum. TransSiberia 2019. Volume 1, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 1115, Springer, Cham 2020, pp. 717–729.
Jawecki B., Sobota M., Burszta-Adamiak E.: The influence of new legal regulations on the method of determining the amount of fees for discharging rain water and snow water to water. Ekonomia i Środowisko, nr 1(68), 2019, pp. 37–56. https://doi.org/10.34659/dc9e-jf91.
Kazak J., Szewranski S., Decewicz P.: Holistic Assessment of Spatial Policies for Sustainable Management: Case Study of Wroclaw Larger Urban Zone (Poland). [in:] Lee D.J., Dias E., Scholten H.J. (eds.), Geodesign by Integrating Design and Geospatial Sciences, GeoJournal Library, vol. 111, Springer, Cham 2014, pp. 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08299-8_5.
Saadallah D.M.: Utilizing participatory mapping and PPGIS to examine the activities of local communities. Alexandria Engineering Journal, vol. 59(1), 2020, pp. 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2019.12.038.