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The Application of Remote Sensing Techniques and Spectral Analyzes to Assess the Content of Heavy Metals in Soil – A Case Study of Barania Góra Reserve, Poland
Corresponding Author(s) : Szymon Sobura
Geomatics and Environmental Engineering,
Vol. 16 No. 4 (2022): Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
Abstract
The understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of farmland processes is essential to ensure the proper crop monitoring and early decision making needed to support efficient resource management in agriculture. By creating appropriate crop management strategies, one can increase harvest efficiency while reducing costs, waste, chemical spraying, and inhibiting the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on crop stress. Only reliable spatial information makes it possible to comprehend the influence of various factors on the environment. The main objective of the research presented in the paper was to assess the possibility of using maps of vegetation and soil indices, such as NDVI, SAVI, IRECI, CIred-edge, PSRI and HMSSI, calculated on the basis of images from the Sentinel-2 satellite, to qualitatively determine the increased amount of heavy metals in the soil in the areas of small agricultural plots around the Barania Góra nature reserve in Poland.
The conducted pilot project shows that the spectral indices: NDVI, SAVI, IRECI, CIred-edge, PSRI, and HMSSI, calculated on the basis of images from Sentinel-2, have the potential to assess the content of nickel zinc, chromium and cobalt in the soil on agricultural plots. However, the confirmation of the obtained results requires continuation of the research.
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- D’Emilio M., Macchiato M., Ragosta M., Simoniello T.: A method for the integration of satellite vegetation activities observations and magnetic susceptibility measurements for monitoring heavy metals in soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 241–242, 2012, pp. 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.021.
- Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. Brussels, 22.09.2006, COM(2006)231 final.
- Semikolennykh A.A.: European thematic strategy for soil protection: a review of major documents. Eurasian Soil Science, vol. 41, 2008, pp. 1349–1351. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229308120168.
- Ahmed F., Dwivedi S., Shaalan N.M., Kumar S., Arshi N., Alshoaibi A., Husain F.M.: Development of Selenium Nanoparticle Based Agriculture Sensor for Heavy Metal Toxicity Detection. Agriculture, vol. 10, 2020, 610. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120610.
- Wang F., Gao J., Zha Y.: Hyperspectral sensing of heavy metals in soil and vegetation: Feasibility and challenges. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol. 136, 2018, pp. 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.12.003.
- Liu T., Liu X., Liu M., Wu L.: Evaluating Heavy Metal Stress Levels in Rice Based on Remote Sensing Phenology. Sensors, vol. 18(3), 2018, 860. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030860.
- Zhang H., Jiang L., Tanveer M., Ma J., Zhao Z., Wang L.: Indexes of Radicle are Sensitive and Effective for Assessing Copper and Zinc Tolerance in Germinating Seeds of Suaeda salsa. Agriculture, vol. 10, 2020, 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10100445.
- Yi Z., Jia L., Chen Q.: Crop Classification Using Multi-Temporal Sentinel-2 Data in the Shiyang River Basin of China. Remote Sensing, vol. 12, 2020, 4052. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12244052.
- Li M.S., Luo Y.P., Su Z.Y.: Heavy metal concentrations in soils and plant accumulation in a restored manganese mineland in Guangxi, South China. Environmentall Pollution, vol. 147, 2007, pp. 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.08.006.
- Liu K., Zhao D., Fang J., Zhang X., Zhang Q., Li X.: Estimation of HeavyMetal Contamination in Soil Using Remote Sensing Spectroscopy and a Statistical Approach. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, vol. 45, 2017, pp. 805–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-016-0648-4.
- Choe E., Meer F., Ruitenbeek F., Werff H., Smeth B., Kyoung-Woong K.: Mapping of heavy metal pollution in stream sediments using combined geochemistry, field spectroscopy, and hyperspectral remote sensing: A case study of the Rodalquilar mining area, SE Spain. Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 112(7), 2008, pp. 3222–3233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.03.017.
- Clevers J.G.P.W., Kooistra L., Salas E.A.L.: Study of heavy metal contamination in river floodplains using the red-edge position in spectroscopic data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 25(19), 2004, pp. 3883–3895. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160310001654473.
- Gu Y.W., Li S., Gao W., Wei H.: Hyperspectral estimation of the cadmium content in leaves of Brassica rapa chinensis based on spectral parameters. Acta Ecologica Sinica, vol. 35(13), 2015, pp. 4445–4453 [in Chinese with English abstract].
- Khabbazan S., Vermunt P., Steele-Dunne S., Ratering-Arntz L., Marinetti C., van der Valk D., Iannini L. et al.: Crop Monitoring Using Sentinel-1 Data: A Case Study from The Netherlands. Remote Sensing, vol. 11(16), 1887, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11161887.
- Hejmanowska B., Kramarczyk P., Głowienka E., Mikrut S.: Reliable Crops Classification Using Limited Number of Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 Images. Remote Sensing, vol. 13(16), 2021, 3176. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163176.
- Khaliq A., Comba L., Biglia A., Ricauda Aimonino D., Chiaberge M., Gay P.: Comparison of Satellite and UAV-Based Multispectral Imagery for Vineyard Variability Assessment. Remote Sensing, vol. 11(4), 2019, 436. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11040436.
- Dad F.P., Khan W.D., Tanveer M., Ramzani P.M.A., Shaukat R., Muktadir A.: Influence of Iron-Enriched Biochar on Cd Sorption, Its Ionic Concentration and Redox Regulation of Radish under Cadmium Toxicity. Agriculture, vol. 11(1), 2021, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010001.
- Crema A., Boschetti M., Nutini F., Cillis D., Casa R.: Influence of Soil Properties on Maize and Wheat Nitrogen Status Assessment from Sentinel-2 Data. Remote Sensing, vol. 12(14), 2020, 2175. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142175.
- Hao P., Löw F., Biradar C.: Annual Cropland Mapping Using Reference Landsat Time Series – A Case Study in Central Asia. Remote Sensing, vol. 10(12), 2018, 2057. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122057.
- Yuzugullu O., Lorenz F., Fröhlich P., Liebisch F.: Understanding Fields by Remote Sensing: Soil Zoning and Property Mapping. Remote Sensing, vol. 12(7), 2020, 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12071116.
- Messina G., Peña J.M., Vizzari M., Modica G.: A Comparison of UAV and Satellites Multispectral Imagery in Monitoring Onion Crop. An Application in the ‘Cipolla Rossa di Tropea’ (Italy). Remote Sensing, vol. 12(20), 2020, 3424. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203424.
- Dvorakova K., Shi P., Limbourg Q., Van Wesemael B.: Soil Organic Carbon Mapping from Remote Sensing: The Effect of Crop Residues. Remote Sensing, vol. 12(12), 2020, 1913. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121913.
- Haneklaus S.H., Bloem E., Schnug E.: Hungry Plants – A Short Treatise on How to Feed Crops under Stress. Agriculture, vol. 8(3), 2018, 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8030043.
- Shivers S.W., Roberts D.A., McFadden J.P., Tague C.: Using Imaging Spectrometry to Study Changes in Crop Area in California’s Central Valley during Drought. Remote Sensing, vol. 10(10), 2018, 1556. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101556.
- Melendez-Pastor I., Navarro-Pedreño J., Gómez I., Almendro-Candel M.B.: The use of remote sensing to locate heavy metal as source of pollution. [in:] Daniels J.A. (ed.), Advances in Environmental Research. Volume 7, Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York 2011, pp. 225–233.
- Zhang Z., Liu M., Liu X., Zhou G.: A New Vegetation Index Based on Multitemporal Sentinel-2 Images for Discriminating Heavy Metal Stress Levels in Rice. Sensors, vol. 18(7), 2018, 2172. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072172.
- El Hajj M., Baghdadi N., Zribi M., Bazzi H.: Synergic Use of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Images for Operational Soil Moisture Mapping at High Spatial Resolution over Agricultural Areas. Remote Sensing, vol. 9(12), 2017, 1292. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9121292.
- Kavats O., Khramov, D., Sergieieva, K., Vasyliev V.: Monitoring Harvesting by Time Series of Sentinel-1 SAR Data. Remote Sensing, vol. 11(21), 2019, 2496. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11212496.
- Dworak T., Hejmanowska B., Pyka K.: Problemy teledetekcyjnego monitoringu środowiska. Tom 2. Teledetekcja wód i powierzchni Ziemi. Wydawnictwa AGH, Kraków 2011.
- Osińska-Skotak K.: Metodyka wykorzystania superi hiperspektralnych danych satelitarnych w analizie jakości wód śródlądowych. Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Geodezja, z. 47, 2010, pp. 3–153.
- Instrukcja pobierania próbek glebowych z gruntów ornych i użytków zielonych opracowana na podstawie PN-R-04031:1997. https://www.schr.gov.pl/index.php?c=getfile&id=31 [access: 25.09.2022].
- ISO 14887:2000: Sample Preparation – Dispersing procedures for powders in liquids.
- Mastersizer 3000. Laser diffraction particle size analyzer. https://www.malvernpanalytical.com/en/products/product-range/mastersizer-range [access: 28.10.2020].
- EN 13346:2000: Characterization of sludges – Determination of trace elements and phosphorous – Aqua regia extraction methods. Comité européen de normalisation, Bruxelles
- PN-ISO 10390:1997: Jakość gleby – Oznaczenie pH. Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny, Warszawa.
- Kabała C., Karczewska A.: Metodyka analiz laboratoryjnych gleb i roślin. Wyd. 8a. Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wrocławiu, Wrocław 2019. http://karnet.up.wroc.pl/~kabala/Analizy2017v8.pdf [access: 25.09.2022].
- Sentinel-2 Products Specification Document. Thales Alenia Space, 2017. https://sentinel.esa.int/documents/247904/685211/sentinel-2-products-specification-document [access: 20.04.2022].
- Louis J., Debaecker V., Pflug B., Main-Knorn M., Bieniarz J., Mueller-Wilm U., Cadau E., Gascon F.: Sentinel-2 Sen2cor: L2A Processor for Users. [in:] Ouwehand L. (ed.), Proceedings of Living Planet Symposium 2016, 9–13 May 2016, Prague, Czech Republic, SP-740, European Space Agency, 2016, pp. 1–8.
- Polykretis C., Grillakis M.G., Alexakis D.D.: Exploring the Impact of Various Spectral Indices on Land Cover Change Detection Using Change Vector Analysis: A Case Study of Crete Island, Greece. Remote Sensing, vol. 12(2), 2020, 319. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020319.
- Jełowicki Ł., Sosnowicz K., Ostrowski W., Osińska-Skotak K., Bakuła K.: Evaluation of Rapeseed Winter Crop Damage Using UAV-Based Multispectral Imagery. Remote Sensing, vol. 12(16), 2020, 2618. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12162618.
- Fabre S., Gimenez R., Elger A., Rivière T.: Unsupervised Monitoring Vegetation after the Closure of an Ore Processing Site with Multi-Temporal Optical Remote Sensing. Sensors, vol. 20(17), 2020, 4800. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174800.
- Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 5 września 2016 r. w sprawie sposobu prowadzenia oceny zanieczyszczenia powierzchni ziemi [Ordinance of the Minister of the Environment of 5 September 2016 on how to conduct an assessment of land surface pollution]. Dz.U. 2002 nr 165, poz. 1359.
- Wang P., Chen H., Kopittke P.M., Zhao F.: Cadmium contamination in agricultural soils of China and the impact on food safety. Environmental Pollution, vol. 249, 2019, pp. 1038–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.063.
- Krasowicz S., Oleszek W., Horabik J., Dębicki R., Jankowiak J., Stuczyński T., Jadczyszyn J.: Racjonalne gospodarowanie środowiskiem glebowym Polski. Polish Journal of Agronomy, vol. 7, 2011, pp. 43–58.
- McCauley A., Jones C., Olson-Rutz K.: Soil pH and Organic Matter. Nutrient Management Module, no. 8, 2009, 4449-8.
- Osińska-Skotak K.: Wpływ korekcji atmosferycznej zdjęć satelitarnych na wyniki cyfrowej klasyfikacji wielospektralnej. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Geodesia et Descriptio Terrarum, vol. 4(1), 2005, pp. 41–53.
- Zagajewski B., Lechnio J., Sobczak M.: Wykorzystanie teledetekcji hiperspektralnej w analizie roślinności zanieczyszczonej metalami ciężkimi. Teledetekcja Środowiska, vol. 37, 2007, pp. 82–100.
References
D’Emilio M., Macchiato M., Ragosta M., Simoniello T.: A method for the integration of satellite vegetation activities observations and magnetic susceptibility measurements for monitoring heavy metals in soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 241–242, 2012, pp. 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.021.
Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. Brussels, 22.09.2006, COM(2006)231 final.
Semikolennykh A.A.: European thematic strategy for soil protection: a review of major documents. Eurasian Soil Science, vol. 41, 2008, pp. 1349–1351. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229308120168.
Ahmed F., Dwivedi S., Shaalan N.M., Kumar S., Arshi N., Alshoaibi A., Husain F.M.: Development of Selenium Nanoparticle Based Agriculture Sensor for Heavy Metal Toxicity Detection. Agriculture, vol. 10, 2020, 610. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120610.
Wang F., Gao J., Zha Y.: Hyperspectral sensing of heavy metals in soil and vegetation: Feasibility and challenges. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol. 136, 2018, pp. 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.12.003.
Liu T., Liu X., Liu M., Wu L.: Evaluating Heavy Metal Stress Levels in Rice Based on Remote Sensing Phenology. Sensors, vol. 18(3), 2018, 860. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030860.
Zhang H., Jiang L., Tanveer M., Ma J., Zhao Z., Wang L.: Indexes of Radicle are Sensitive and Effective for Assessing Copper and Zinc Tolerance in Germinating Seeds of Suaeda salsa. Agriculture, vol. 10, 2020, 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10100445.
Yi Z., Jia L., Chen Q.: Crop Classification Using Multi-Temporal Sentinel-2 Data in the Shiyang River Basin of China. Remote Sensing, vol. 12, 2020, 4052. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12244052.
Li M.S., Luo Y.P., Su Z.Y.: Heavy metal concentrations in soils and plant accumulation in a restored manganese mineland in Guangxi, South China. Environmentall Pollution, vol. 147, 2007, pp. 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.08.006.
Liu K., Zhao D., Fang J., Zhang X., Zhang Q., Li X.: Estimation of HeavyMetal Contamination in Soil Using Remote Sensing Spectroscopy and a Statistical Approach. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, vol. 45, 2017, pp. 805–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-016-0648-4.
Choe E., Meer F., Ruitenbeek F., Werff H., Smeth B., Kyoung-Woong K.: Mapping of heavy metal pollution in stream sediments using combined geochemistry, field spectroscopy, and hyperspectral remote sensing: A case study of the Rodalquilar mining area, SE Spain. Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 112(7), 2008, pp. 3222–3233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.03.017.
Clevers J.G.P.W., Kooistra L., Salas E.A.L.: Study of heavy metal contamination in river floodplains using the red-edge position in spectroscopic data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 25(19), 2004, pp. 3883–3895. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160310001654473.
Gu Y.W., Li S., Gao W., Wei H.: Hyperspectral estimation of the cadmium content in leaves of Brassica rapa chinensis based on spectral parameters. Acta Ecologica Sinica, vol. 35(13), 2015, pp. 4445–4453 [in Chinese with English abstract].
Khabbazan S., Vermunt P., Steele-Dunne S., Ratering-Arntz L., Marinetti C., van der Valk D., Iannini L. et al.: Crop Monitoring Using Sentinel-1 Data: A Case Study from The Netherlands. Remote Sensing, vol. 11(16), 1887, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11161887.
Hejmanowska B., Kramarczyk P., Głowienka E., Mikrut S.: Reliable Crops Classification Using Limited Number of Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 Images. Remote Sensing, vol. 13(16), 2021, 3176. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13163176.
Khaliq A., Comba L., Biglia A., Ricauda Aimonino D., Chiaberge M., Gay P.: Comparison of Satellite and UAV-Based Multispectral Imagery for Vineyard Variability Assessment. Remote Sensing, vol. 11(4), 2019, 436. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11040436.
Dad F.P., Khan W.D., Tanveer M., Ramzani P.M.A., Shaukat R., Muktadir A.: Influence of Iron-Enriched Biochar on Cd Sorption, Its Ionic Concentration and Redox Regulation of Radish under Cadmium Toxicity. Agriculture, vol. 11(1), 2021, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010001.
Crema A., Boschetti M., Nutini F., Cillis D., Casa R.: Influence of Soil Properties on Maize and Wheat Nitrogen Status Assessment from Sentinel-2 Data. Remote Sensing, vol. 12(14), 2020, 2175. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142175.
Hao P., Löw F., Biradar C.: Annual Cropland Mapping Using Reference Landsat Time Series – A Case Study in Central Asia. Remote Sensing, vol. 10(12), 2018, 2057. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122057.
Yuzugullu O., Lorenz F., Fröhlich P., Liebisch F.: Understanding Fields by Remote Sensing: Soil Zoning and Property Mapping. Remote Sensing, vol. 12(7), 2020, 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12071116.
Messina G., Peña J.M., Vizzari M., Modica G.: A Comparison of UAV and Satellites Multispectral Imagery in Monitoring Onion Crop. An Application in the ‘Cipolla Rossa di Tropea’ (Italy). Remote Sensing, vol. 12(20), 2020, 3424. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12203424.
Dvorakova K., Shi P., Limbourg Q., Van Wesemael B.: Soil Organic Carbon Mapping from Remote Sensing: The Effect of Crop Residues. Remote Sensing, vol. 12(12), 2020, 1913. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12121913.
Haneklaus S.H., Bloem E., Schnug E.: Hungry Plants – A Short Treatise on How to Feed Crops under Stress. Agriculture, vol. 8(3), 2018, 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8030043.
Shivers S.W., Roberts D.A., McFadden J.P., Tague C.: Using Imaging Spectrometry to Study Changes in Crop Area in California’s Central Valley during Drought. Remote Sensing, vol. 10(10), 2018, 1556. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101556.
Melendez-Pastor I., Navarro-Pedreño J., Gómez I., Almendro-Candel M.B.: The use of remote sensing to locate heavy metal as source of pollution. [in:] Daniels J.A. (ed.), Advances in Environmental Research. Volume 7, Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York 2011, pp. 225–233.
Zhang Z., Liu M., Liu X., Zhou G.: A New Vegetation Index Based on Multitemporal Sentinel-2 Images for Discriminating Heavy Metal Stress Levels in Rice. Sensors, vol. 18(7), 2018, 2172. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072172.
El Hajj M., Baghdadi N., Zribi M., Bazzi H.: Synergic Use of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Images for Operational Soil Moisture Mapping at High Spatial Resolution over Agricultural Areas. Remote Sensing, vol. 9(12), 2017, 1292. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9121292.
Kavats O., Khramov, D., Sergieieva, K., Vasyliev V.: Monitoring Harvesting by Time Series of Sentinel-1 SAR Data. Remote Sensing, vol. 11(21), 2019, 2496. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11212496.
Dworak T., Hejmanowska B., Pyka K.: Problemy teledetekcyjnego monitoringu środowiska. Tom 2. Teledetekcja wód i powierzchni Ziemi. Wydawnictwa AGH, Kraków 2011.
Osińska-Skotak K.: Metodyka wykorzystania superi hiperspektralnych danych satelitarnych w analizie jakości wód śródlądowych. Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Geodezja, z. 47, 2010, pp. 3–153.
Instrukcja pobierania próbek glebowych z gruntów ornych i użytków zielonych opracowana na podstawie PN-R-04031:1997. https://www.schr.gov.pl/index.php?c=getfile&id=31 [access: 25.09.2022].
ISO 14887:2000: Sample Preparation – Dispersing procedures for powders in liquids.
Mastersizer 3000. Laser diffraction particle size analyzer. https://www.malvernpanalytical.com/en/products/product-range/mastersizer-range [access: 28.10.2020].
EN 13346:2000: Characterization of sludges – Determination of trace elements and phosphorous – Aqua regia extraction methods. Comité européen de normalisation, Bruxelles
PN-ISO 10390:1997: Jakość gleby – Oznaczenie pH. Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny, Warszawa.
Kabała C., Karczewska A.: Metodyka analiz laboratoryjnych gleb i roślin. Wyd. 8a. Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wrocławiu, Wrocław 2019. http://karnet.up.wroc.pl/~kabala/Analizy2017v8.pdf [access: 25.09.2022].
Sentinel-2 Products Specification Document. Thales Alenia Space, 2017. https://sentinel.esa.int/documents/247904/685211/sentinel-2-products-specification-document [access: 20.04.2022].
Louis J., Debaecker V., Pflug B., Main-Knorn M., Bieniarz J., Mueller-Wilm U., Cadau E., Gascon F.: Sentinel-2 Sen2cor: L2A Processor for Users. [in:] Ouwehand L. (ed.), Proceedings of Living Planet Symposium 2016, 9–13 May 2016, Prague, Czech Republic, SP-740, European Space Agency, 2016, pp. 1–8.
Polykretis C., Grillakis M.G., Alexakis D.D.: Exploring the Impact of Various Spectral Indices on Land Cover Change Detection Using Change Vector Analysis: A Case Study of Crete Island, Greece. Remote Sensing, vol. 12(2), 2020, 319. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020319.
Jełowicki Ł., Sosnowicz K., Ostrowski W., Osińska-Skotak K., Bakuła K.: Evaluation of Rapeseed Winter Crop Damage Using UAV-Based Multispectral Imagery. Remote Sensing, vol. 12(16), 2020, 2618. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12162618.
Fabre S., Gimenez R., Elger A., Rivière T.: Unsupervised Monitoring Vegetation after the Closure of an Ore Processing Site with Multi-Temporal Optical Remote Sensing. Sensors, vol. 20(17), 2020, 4800. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174800.
Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 5 września 2016 r. w sprawie sposobu prowadzenia oceny zanieczyszczenia powierzchni ziemi [Ordinance of the Minister of the Environment of 5 September 2016 on how to conduct an assessment of land surface pollution]. Dz.U. 2002 nr 165, poz. 1359.
Wang P., Chen H., Kopittke P.M., Zhao F.: Cadmium contamination in agricultural soils of China and the impact on food safety. Environmental Pollution, vol. 249, 2019, pp. 1038–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.063.
Krasowicz S., Oleszek W., Horabik J., Dębicki R., Jankowiak J., Stuczyński T., Jadczyszyn J.: Racjonalne gospodarowanie środowiskiem glebowym Polski. Polish Journal of Agronomy, vol. 7, 2011, pp. 43–58.
McCauley A., Jones C., Olson-Rutz K.: Soil pH and Organic Matter. Nutrient Management Module, no. 8, 2009, 4449-8.
Osińska-Skotak K.: Wpływ korekcji atmosferycznej zdjęć satelitarnych na wyniki cyfrowej klasyfikacji wielospektralnej. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Geodesia et Descriptio Terrarum, vol. 4(1), 2005, pp. 41–53.
Zagajewski B., Lechnio J., Sobczak M.: Wykorzystanie teledetekcji hiperspektralnej w analizie roślinności zanieczyszczonej metalami ciężkimi. Teledetekcja Środowiska, vol. 37, 2007, pp. 82–100.