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Ecotoxicological Risk of Alkaline Sodic Waste on Plant Development
Corresponding Author(s) : Joanna Świdwa-Urbańska
Geomatics and Environmental Engineering,
Vol. 13 No. 4 (2019): Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
Abstract
The influence of mixtures of soils and Solvay sediments on plant development was investigated under laboratory conditions to explore the possibility of the revegetation of abandoned post-industrial areas. The sodic alkaline wastes used as a substrate in the research come from settling tanks of the former KZS Solvay Works in Cracow. Such sediments are a mixture of different chemical compounds, characterized by high values of pH and salinity that can constitute strong limiting conditions for future reclamation processes of the area. White clover (Trifolium repens L.), was used in this research as a plant indicator representative of common and sensitive species to the toxic effects of soil high alkalinity and salinity. This work examined the effect of soda factory waste pollution, mixed with three types of soils in four variants of soil: waste ratio, on germination rate and root length development as response variables. The results, analyzed statistically, confirm an inhibiting effect of soda wastes on Trifolium repens L. germination with the significant inhibition of early phase of radicle growth and their elongation. Experiments were conducted on Petri dishes and were based on the Zucconi test. Ecotoxicological risk was evaluated by the percentage of relative seed germination (RSG), relative radicle growth (RRG) and calculated index of germination (GI).
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- Świdwa J.: Właściwości warstwy izolującej zrekultywowanych stawów osadowych KZS „Solvay” w kontekście właściwości składowanego materiału [Topsoil qualities of reclaimed sedimentation ponds at KZS Solvay in the context of deposited material]. [in:] Goliński P. (red.), Rekultywacja i rewitalizacja terenów zdegradowanych: praca zbiorowa [Reclamation and revitalization of demoted areas], FUTURA, Poznań 2007, pp. 93–100.
- Zając E., Zarzycki J.: Revegetation of reclaimed soda waste dumps: effects of topsoil parameters. Journal of Elementology, Vol. 3, 2012, pp. 525–536.
- Zając E., Klatka S., Zarzycki J.: Distribution of woody vegetation on soda waste dumps in relation to spatial variation in selected parameters of the mineral cover. Journal of Ecological Engineering, Vol. 17, 2016, pp. 49–56.
- Krzaklewski W.: Leśna rekultywacja i biologiczne zagospodarowanie nieużytków poprzemysłowych: zagadnienia wybrane: materiały do wykładów i ćwiczeń z hodowli lasu. Akademia Rolnicza im. H. Kołłątaja, Kraków 1988.
- Kupiec I., Mleczko P.: Miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego obszaru „Białe morza”. Prognoza oddziaływania na środowisko. 2012, [on-line:] https://www.bip.krakow.pl/zalaczniki/dokumenty/n/86680 [access: 15.01.2019].
- Okrutniak M.: Rekultywacja Krakowskich Zakładów Sodowych Solvay – sukces czy porażka? Wszechświat, t. 111, 2010, pp. 271–276.
- Urbańska J.: Increased alkalinity and salinity of the topsoil as a result of soda waste deposition. [in:] Tóth T., Szabó A. (eds.), Utilization and protection of halophytes and salt-affected landscapes: COST Action FA0901 workshop and conference: September 4–6, 2013, Kecskemét, Hungary: abstract book, RISSAC CAR HAS, Budapest 2013, p. 46.
- Bukowski A. et al.: Technologia sody. Państwowe Wydawnictwa Techniczne, Warszawa 1958.
- Zawadzka M.: Ocena tolerancji wybranych gatunków traw i roślin motylkowatych na zasolenie środowiska. Acta Agrobotanica, Vol. 29, 1976, pp. 85–98.
- Płaza G., Nałęcz-Jawecki G., Ulfig K., Brigmon R.L.: The application of biossays as indicators of petroleum-contaminated soil remediation. Chemosphere, Vol. 59, 2005, pp. 289–296.
- Zucconi F., Pera A., Forte M., de Bertoldi M.: Evaluating toxicity of immature compost. BioCycle, 1981, pp. 54–57.
- Gibson P.B., Cope W.A. : White clover. [in:] Clover science and technology, Agronomy Monograph, No. 25, Soil Science Society of America, Madison 1985, pp. 471–490.
- Coladonato M.: Trifolium repens. [in:] Fire Effects Information System 1993, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer), [on-line:] https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/trirep/all.html [access: 26.05.2019].
- Erith A.G.: White clover (Trifolium repens L.). A monograph. Duckworth, London 1924.
- Turkington R., Burdon J.: The biology of Canadian weeds. 57. Trifolium repens L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Vol. 63 (1), 1983, pp. 243–266.
- Luo Y., Liang J., Zeng G., Chen M., Mo D., Li G., Zhang D.: Seed germination test for toxicity evaluation of compost: Its roles, problems and prospects. Waste Management, Vol. 71, 2017, pp. 109–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.023.
- Märkl V., Pflugmacher S., Stephan D.A.: Effect of leached cement paste samples with different superplasticiser content on germination and initial root growth of white mustard (Sinapis alba) and cress (Lepidium sativum). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Vol. 228, 2017, p. 111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3271-2.
References
Świdwa J.: Właściwości warstwy izolującej zrekultywowanych stawów osadowych KZS „Solvay” w kontekście właściwości składowanego materiału [Topsoil qualities of reclaimed sedimentation ponds at KZS Solvay in the context of deposited material]. [in:] Goliński P. (red.), Rekultywacja i rewitalizacja terenów zdegradowanych: praca zbiorowa [Reclamation and revitalization of demoted areas], FUTURA, Poznań 2007, pp. 93–100.
Zając E., Zarzycki J.: Revegetation of reclaimed soda waste dumps: effects of topsoil parameters. Journal of Elementology, Vol. 3, 2012, pp. 525–536.
Zając E., Klatka S., Zarzycki J.: Distribution of woody vegetation on soda waste dumps in relation to spatial variation in selected parameters of the mineral cover. Journal of Ecological Engineering, Vol. 17, 2016, pp. 49–56.
Krzaklewski W.: Leśna rekultywacja i biologiczne zagospodarowanie nieużytków poprzemysłowych: zagadnienia wybrane: materiały do wykładów i ćwiczeń z hodowli lasu. Akademia Rolnicza im. H. Kołłątaja, Kraków 1988.
Kupiec I., Mleczko P.: Miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego obszaru „Białe morza”. Prognoza oddziaływania na środowisko. 2012, [on-line:] https://www.bip.krakow.pl/zalaczniki/dokumenty/n/86680 [access: 15.01.2019].
Okrutniak M.: Rekultywacja Krakowskich Zakładów Sodowych Solvay – sukces czy porażka? Wszechświat, t. 111, 2010, pp. 271–276.
Urbańska J.: Increased alkalinity and salinity of the topsoil as a result of soda waste deposition. [in:] Tóth T., Szabó A. (eds.), Utilization and protection of halophytes and salt-affected landscapes: COST Action FA0901 workshop and conference: September 4–6, 2013, Kecskemét, Hungary: abstract book, RISSAC CAR HAS, Budapest 2013, p. 46.
Bukowski A. et al.: Technologia sody. Państwowe Wydawnictwa Techniczne, Warszawa 1958.
Zawadzka M.: Ocena tolerancji wybranych gatunków traw i roślin motylkowatych na zasolenie środowiska. Acta Agrobotanica, Vol. 29, 1976, pp. 85–98.
Płaza G., Nałęcz-Jawecki G., Ulfig K., Brigmon R.L.: The application of biossays as indicators of petroleum-contaminated soil remediation. Chemosphere, Vol. 59, 2005, pp. 289–296.
Zucconi F., Pera A., Forte M., de Bertoldi M.: Evaluating toxicity of immature compost. BioCycle, 1981, pp. 54–57.
Gibson P.B., Cope W.A. : White clover. [in:] Clover science and technology, Agronomy Monograph, No. 25, Soil Science Society of America, Madison 1985, pp. 471–490.
Coladonato M.: Trifolium repens. [in:] Fire Effects Information System 1993, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer), [on-line:] https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/trirep/all.html [access: 26.05.2019].
Erith A.G.: White clover (Trifolium repens L.). A monograph. Duckworth, London 1924.
Turkington R., Burdon J.: The biology of Canadian weeds. 57. Trifolium repens L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Vol. 63 (1), 1983, pp. 243–266.
Luo Y., Liang J., Zeng G., Chen M., Mo D., Li G., Zhang D.: Seed germination test for toxicity evaluation of compost: Its roles, problems and prospects. Waste Management, Vol. 71, 2017, pp. 109–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.023.
Märkl V., Pflugmacher S., Stephan D.A.: Effect of leached cement paste samples with different superplasticiser content on germination and initial root growth of white mustard (Sinapis alba) and cress (Lepidium sativum). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Vol. 228, 2017, p. 111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3271-2.