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Influence of Pool Detergents on Formation of Chloramines in Swimming Pool Water
Corresponding Author(s) : Emilia Stańkowska
Geomatics and Environmental Engineering,
Vol. 13 No. 3 (2019): Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
Abstract
Cleaning agents used in swimming pools are essential elements in maintaining the proper hygiene of a swimming pool facility. They can also pollute water and cause a potential health hazard for swimming pool users. Studies show that the combination of substances used for disinfection with some contaminations presented in pool water can cause the formation of many dangerous by-products. One of these is chloramines, which have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties; this is why an analysis of the factors that influence their formation is very important. The purpose of this article is to determine the effect of pool detergents used on swimming pools on the formation of chloramines in pool water. Samples of swimming pool water were treated with selected detergents (Benamin AKR, Benamin SND, Randklar A, and Randklar S) used in one of Krakow´s public swimming pools and then tested for monochloramine, dichloramine, and trichloride. The results may be helpful in taking the steps to mitigate the negative effects of using cleaning agents.
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- Wichrowska B., Stankiewicz A., Jankowska D., Życiński D.: Podział i stosowanie środków chemicznych do uzdatniania wody oraz środków do utrzymania czystości w otoczeniu basenów publicznych i prywatnych. Instal, nr 11, 2000, pp. 40–50.
- Nawrocki J.: Uboczne produkty dezynfekcji wody – doświadczenia ostatnich 30 lat. Ochrona Środowiska, r. 27, nr 4, 2005, pp. 3–12.
- Rook J.J.: Formation of haloforms during chlorination of natural waters. Journal of Water Treatment Examination, vol. 23, no. 2, 1974, pp. 234–243.
- Chowdhury S., Alhooshani K., Karanfi T.: Disinfection by-products in swimming pool: Occurrences, implications and future needs. Water Research, vol. 53, 2014, pp. 68–109
- Daiber E.J., DeMarini D.M., Ravuri S.A., Liberatore H.K., Cuthbertson A.A., Thompson-Klemish A., Richardson S.D.: Progressive Increase in Disinfection Byproducts and Mutagenicity from Source to Tap to Swimming Pool and Spa Water: Impact of Human Inputs. Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 50, no. 13, 2016, pp. 6652–6662.
- Włodyka-Bergier A., Bergier T.: Impact of UV disinfection on the potential of model organic-nitrogen precursors to form chlorination by-products in swimming pool water. Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 57, no. 3, 2016, pp. 1499–1507.
- Zwiener C., Richardson S.D., De Marini D.M., Grummt T., Glauner T., Frimmel F.H.: Drowning in disinfection byproducts? Assessing swimming pool water. Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 41, no. 2, 2007, pp. 363–372.
- Richardson S.D., DeMarini D.M., Kogevinas M., Fernandez P., Marco E., Lourencetti C., Ballesté C., Heederik D., Meliefste K., McKague A.B.: What’s in the pool? A comprehensive identification of disinfection by-products and assessment of mutagenicity of chlorinated and brominated swimming pool water. Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 118(11), 2010, pp. 1523–1530
- Villanueva C.M., Cantor K.P., Grimalt J.O., Malats N., Silverman D., Tardon A., Marcos R.:. Bladder cancer and exposure to water disinfection by-products through ingestion, bathing, showering, and swimming in pools. American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 165, no. 2, 2007, pp. 148–156.
- Hard G.C., Boorman G.A., Wolf D.C.: Re-evaluation of the 2-yearchloroform drinking water carcinogenicity bioassay in Osborne-Mendel rats supports chronic renal tubule injury as the mode of action underlying the renal tumor response. Toxicological Sciences, vol. 53, 2000, pp. 237–244.
- IARC: IARC Monographs on Chloramine, Chloral and Chloral Hydrate, Dichloroacetic Acid, Trichloroacetic Acid and 3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5- hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone). International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon 2004.
- Li J., Blatchley E.R.: Volatile disinfection byproduct formation resulting from chlorination of organic− nitrogen precursors in swimming pools. Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 41, no. 19, 2007, pp. 6732–6739.
- Parrat J., Donzé G., Iseli C., Perret D., Tomicic C., Schenk O.: Assessment of occupational and public exposure to trichloramine in Swiss indoor swimming pools: a proposal for an occupational exposure limit. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, vol. 56, no. 3, 2012, pp. 264–277.
- Thickett K.M., McCoach J.S., Gerber J.M., Sadhra S., Burge P.S.: Occupational asthma caused by chloramines in indoor swimming-pool air. European Respiratory Journal, vol. 19, no. 5, 2002, pp. 827–832.
- WHO: Chemical Hazards. Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments, Vol. 2, Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environment, Final Draft for Consultation. World Health Organization, Geneva 2006.
- Cimetiere N., De Laat J.: Effects of UV-dechloramination of swimming pool water on the formation of disinfection by-products: A lab-scale study. Microchemical Journal, vol. 112, 2014, pp. 34–41.
- Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 9 listopada 2015 r. w sprawie wymagań, jakim powinna odpowiadać woda na pływalniach. Dz.U. 2015, poz. 2016 [Regulation of the Minister of Health of 9 November 2015 on the requirements to be met by water in swimming pools. Journal of Laws 2015, item 2016].
- Kowal A.L., Świderska-Bróż M.: Oczyszczanie wody: podstawy teoretyczne i technologiczne, procesy i urządzenia. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2009.
References
Wichrowska B., Stankiewicz A., Jankowska D., Życiński D.: Podział i stosowanie środków chemicznych do uzdatniania wody oraz środków do utrzymania czystości w otoczeniu basenów publicznych i prywatnych. Instal, nr 11, 2000, pp. 40–50.
Nawrocki J.: Uboczne produkty dezynfekcji wody – doświadczenia ostatnich 30 lat. Ochrona Środowiska, r. 27, nr 4, 2005, pp. 3–12.
Rook J.J.: Formation of haloforms during chlorination of natural waters. Journal of Water Treatment Examination, vol. 23, no. 2, 1974, pp. 234–243.
Chowdhury S., Alhooshani K., Karanfi T.: Disinfection by-products in swimming pool: Occurrences, implications and future needs. Water Research, vol. 53, 2014, pp. 68–109
Daiber E.J., DeMarini D.M., Ravuri S.A., Liberatore H.K., Cuthbertson A.A., Thompson-Klemish A., Richardson S.D.: Progressive Increase in Disinfection Byproducts and Mutagenicity from Source to Tap to Swimming Pool and Spa Water: Impact of Human Inputs. Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 50, no. 13, 2016, pp. 6652–6662.
Włodyka-Bergier A., Bergier T.: Impact of UV disinfection on the potential of model organic-nitrogen precursors to form chlorination by-products in swimming pool water. Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 57, no. 3, 2016, pp. 1499–1507.
Zwiener C., Richardson S.D., De Marini D.M., Grummt T., Glauner T., Frimmel F.H.: Drowning in disinfection byproducts? Assessing swimming pool water. Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 41, no. 2, 2007, pp. 363–372.
Richardson S.D., DeMarini D.M., Kogevinas M., Fernandez P., Marco E., Lourencetti C., Ballesté C., Heederik D., Meliefste K., McKague A.B.: What’s in the pool? A comprehensive identification of disinfection by-products and assessment of mutagenicity of chlorinated and brominated swimming pool water. Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 118(11), 2010, pp. 1523–1530
Villanueva C.M., Cantor K.P., Grimalt J.O., Malats N., Silverman D., Tardon A., Marcos R.:. Bladder cancer and exposure to water disinfection by-products through ingestion, bathing, showering, and swimming in pools. American Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 165, no. 2, 2007, pp. 148–156.
Hard G.C., Boorman G.A., Wolf D.C.: Re-evaluation of the 2-yearchloroform drinking water carcinogenicity bioassay in Osborne-Mendel rats supports chronic renal tubule injury as the mode of action underlying the renal tumor response. Toxicological Sciences, vol. 53, 2000, pp. 237–244.
IARC: IARC Monographs on Chloramine, Chloral and Chloral Hydrate, Dichloroacetic Acid, Trichloroacetic Acid and 3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5- hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone). International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon 2004.
Li J., Blatchley E.R.: Volatile disinfection byproduct formation resulting from chlorination of organic− nitrogen precursors in swimming pools. Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 41, no. 19, 2007, pp. 6732–6739.
Parrat J., Donzé G., Iseli C., Perret D., Tomicic C., Schenk O.: Assessment of occupational and public exposure to trichloramine in Swiss indoor swimming pools: a proposal for an occupational exposure limit. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, vol. 56, no. 3, 2012, pp. 264–277.
Thickett K.M., McCoach J.S., Gerber J.M., Sadhra S., Burge P.S.: Occupational asthma caused by chloramines in indoor swimming-pool air. European Respiratory Journal, vol. 19, no. 5, 2002, pp. 827–832.
WHO: Chemical Hazards. Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments, Vol. 2, Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environment, Final Draft for Consultation. World Health Organization, Geneva 2006.
Cimetiere N., De Laat J.: Effects of UV-dechloramination of swimming pool water on the formation of disinfection by-products: A lab-scale study. Microchemical Journal, vol. 112, 2014, pp. 34–41.
Rozporządzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 9 listopada 2015 r. w sprawie wymagań, jakim powinna odpowiadać woda na pływalniach. Dz.U. 2015, poz. 2016 [Regulation of the Minister of Health of 9 November 2015 on the requirements to be met by water in swimming pools. Journal of Laws 2015, item 2016].
Kowal A.L., Świderska-Bróż M.: Oczyszczanie wody: podstawy teoretyczne i technologiczne, procesy i urządzenia. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2009.