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Evaluation of Post-Processing Kinematic (PPK) Accuracy in Urban Area in Turgutlu, Manisa, Türkiye
Corresponding Author(s) : Atınç Pırtı
Geomatics and Environmental Engineering,
Vol. 19 No. 4 (2025): Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
Abstract
In recent years, global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) have emerged as a prominent technology for geolocation applications and services in urban settings. Urban environments should also be classified under difficult situations. Densely populated metropolitan areas such as urban centers obstruct the receipt of GNSS signals; these obstacles often result in the congestion of line-of-sight (LOS) signals and give rise to the receipt of diffracted or reflected echoes (often known as the multipath phenomenon). PPK (post-processing kinematic) is a GNSS data-processing method that achieves high-accuracy positioning by correcting errors in raw positioning data. Post-processing is widely used in applications that require precise geospatial information, such as surveying, mapping, and UAV operations. This research aims to evaluate the accuracy of the PPK application method in urban areas. For this aim, surveys were carried out in Turgutlu’s province of Manisa on July 15, 2020, in Türkiye. The analysis compared the PPK surveys’ results with those that were obtained from static surveys. PPK is very effective in difficult situations, but we were likely to encounter certain accuracy problems. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that achieving urban surveys with an accuracy from ±1 cm to ±2 cm may not always be feasible due to the challenging circumstances that might result in moresignificant inaccuracies from ±10 cm to ±100 cm for both the horizontal and vertical components.
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- Schaper A., Reußwig F., Schön S.: Diffraction modeling for improved 3DMA GNSS urban navigation, [in:] Proceedings of the 35th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2022), Denver 2022, pp. 1902–1916. https://doi.org/10.33012/2022.18541.
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- Li X.X., Ge M.R., Dai X.L., Ren X.D., Fritsche M., Wickert J., Schuh H.: Accuracy and reliability of multi-GNSS real-time precise positioning: GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, and Galileo. Journal of Geodesy, vol. 89(6), 2015, pp. 607–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-015-0802-8.
- Cerreta J., Thirtyacre D., Miller P., Burgess S.S., Austin W.J.: Accuracy assessment of the eBee using RTK and PPK corrections methods as a function of distance to a GNSS base station. International Journal of Aviation Aeronautics and Aerospace, vol. 10(3), 2023, 1819. https://doi.org/10.58940/2374-6793.1819.
- Cirillo D., Cerritelli F., Agostini S., Bello S., Lavecchia G., Brozzetti F.: Integrating post-processing kinematic (PPK)-structure-from-motion (SfM) with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry and digital field mapping for structural geological analysis. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, vol. 11(8), 2022, 437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080437.
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- Kim H.J., Kim Y.H., Lee J.H., Park S.J., Ko B.S., Song J.W.: Improving the accuracy of vehicle position in an urban environment using the outlier mitigation algorithm based on GNSS multi-position clustering. Remote Sensing, vol. 15(15), 2023, 3791. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153791.
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- Wolf P.R., Ghilani C.D.: Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics. 12th ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River 2008.
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- Groves P.D., Jiang Z.: Height aiding, C/N0 weighting and consistency checking for GNSS NLOS and multipath mitigation in urban areas. Journal of Navigation,
- Hamza V., Stopar B., Sterle O., Pavlovčič-Prešeren P.: Observations and positioning quality of low-cost GNSS receivers: A review. GPS Solutions, vol. 28(3), 2024, 149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-024-01686-8.
- Mubarak O.M., Dempster A.G.: Analysis of early late phase in single-and dualfrequency GPS receivers for multipath detection. GPS Solutions, vol. 14(4), 2010, pp. 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-010-0162-z.
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References
Schaper A., Reußwig F., Schön S.: Diffraction modeling for improved 3DMA GNSS urban navigation, [in:] Proceedings of the 35th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2022), Denver 2022, pp. 1902–1916. https://doi.org/10.33012/2022.18541.
El-Mowafy A.: Performance analysis of the RTK technique in an urban environment. The Australian Surveyor, vol. 45(1), 2000, pp. 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050353.2000.10558803.
Li X.X., Ge M.R., Dai X.L., Ren X.D., Fritsche M., Wickert J., Schuh H.: Accuracy and reliability of multi-GNSS real-time precise positioning: GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, and Galileo. Journal of Geodesy, vol. 89(6), 2015, pp. 607–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-015-0802-8.
Cerreta J., Thirtyacre D., Miller P., Burgess S.S., Austin W.J.: Accuracy assessment of the eBee using RTK and PPK corrections methods as a function of distance to a GNSS base station. International Journal of Aviation Aeronautics and Aerospace, vol. 10(3), 2023, 1819. https://doi.org/10.58940/2374-6793.1819.
Cirillo D., Cerritelli F., Agostini S., Bello S., Lavecchia G., Brozzetti F.: Integrating post-processing kinematic (PPK)-structure-from-motion (SfM) with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry and digital field mapping for structural geological analysis. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, vol. 11(8), 2022, 437. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080437.
Martínez-Carricondo P., Agüera-Vega F., Carvajal-Ramírez F.: Accuracy assessment of RTK/PPK UAV-photogrammetry projects using differential corrections from multiple GNSS fixed base stations. Geocarto International, vol. 38(1), 2023, 2197507. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2023.2197507.
Kim H.J., Kim Y.H., Lee J.H., Park S.J., Ko B.S., Song J.W.: Improving the accuracy of vehicle position in an urban environment using the outlier mitigation algorithm based on GNSS multi-position clustering. Remote Sensing, vol. 15(15), 2023, 3791. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153791.
Pirti A., Hosbas R.G.: Evaluation of the performance between post process kinematic and static technique in the forest environment. Šumarski list, vol. 145(7–8), 2021, pp. 367–376. https://doi.org/10.31298/sl.145.7-8.7.
Pirti A., Yucel M.A., Gumus K.: Testing real time kinematic GNSS (GPS and GPS/GLONASS) methods in obstructed and unobstructed sites. Geodetski Vestnik, vol. 57(3), 2013, pp. 498–512.
Pirti A.: The seasonal effects of deciduous tree foliage in CORS-GNSS measurements (VRS/FKP). Tehnicki Vjesnik – Technical Gazette, vol. 23(3), 2016, pp. 769–774. https://doi.org/10.17559/TV-20150301214046.
Pirti A., Arslan N., Deveci B., Aydin O., Erkaya H., Hosbas R.G.: Real-time kinematic GPS for cadastral surveying. Survey Review, vol. 41(314), 2009, pp. 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1179/003962609X451582.
Deep S.: GNSS availability and multipath prediction in an urban environment. Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 2013 [thesis]. https://www.iirs.gov.in/iirs/sites/default/files/StudentThesis/Thesis_final.pdf [access: 15.05.2023].
Groves P.D., Jiang Z., Rudi M., Strode P.: A portfolio approach to NLOS and multipath mitigation in dense urban areas. The Institute of Navigation, Manassas 2013.
Wolf P.R., Ghilani C.D.: Elementary Surveying: An Introduction to Geomatics. 12th ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River 2008.
Cirillo D., Zappa M., Tangari A.C., Brozzetti F., Ietto F.: Rockfall analysis from UAV-based photogrammetry and 3D models of a cliff area. Drones, vol. 8(1), 2024, 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8010031.
Cerreta J., Thirtyacre D., Miller P., Burgess S.S., Austin W.J.: Accuracy assessment of the eBee using RTK and PPK corrections methods as a function of distance to a GNSS base station. International Journal of Aviation Aeronautics and Aerospace, vol. 10(3), 2023, 1819. https://doi.org/10.58940/2374-6793.1819.
Groves P.D., Jiang Z.: Height aiding, C/N0 weighting and consistency checking for GNSS NLOS and multipath mitigation in urban areas. Journal of Navigation,
Hamza V., Stopar B., Sterle O., Pavlovčič-Prešeren P.: Observations and positioning quality of low-cost GNSS receivers: A review. GPS Solutions, vol. 28(3), 2024, 149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-024-01686-8.
Mubarak O.M., Dempster A.G.: Analysis of early late phase in single-and dualfrequency GPS receivers for multipath detection. GPS Solutions, vol. 14(4), 2010, pp. 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-010-0162-z.
Spilker J.J., Jr, Natali F.D.: Interference effects and mitigation techniques, [in:] Spilker J.J., Jr, Axelrad P., Parkinson B.W., Enge P. (eds.), Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications. Volume 1, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington 1996, pp. 717–771. https://doi.org/10.2514/5.9781600866388.0717.0771.
Wang L., Groves P.D., Ziebart M.K.: Multi-constellation GNSS performance evaluation for urban canyons using large virtual reality city models. Journal of Navigation, vol. 65(3), 2012, pp. 459–476. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0373463312000082.
Wang Y., Xu J., Yang R., Zhan X.: GNSS multipath detection based on decision tree algorithm in urban canyons, [in:] Yang C., Xie J. (eds.), China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC) 2021 Proceedings. Volume II, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol. 773, Springer, Singapore 2021, pp. 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3142-9_35.