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Optimizing Selection of Sustainable Material-extraction Sites with GIS-based Decision-support Systems (AHP/MACBETH): In-depth Case Study from Settat, Morocco
Corresponding Author(s) : Issam Amellal
Geomatics and Environmental Engineering,
Vol. 18 No. 4 (2024): Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
Abstract
In today’s world, sustainability is crucial, particularly in managing natural resources for sustainable development. Often, environmental impacts of new activities are overlooked, worsening the effects on already vulnerable environments. Our study uses two multi-criteria decision-making tools, MACBETH and AHP, integrated with GIS technology, to evaluate quarry sites in Settat Province, Morocco. This methodology classifies sites by suitability, based on criteria aligned with sustainable development goals.
We found a high consistency between MACBETH and AHP, with less than 4% divergence in criteria weighting, confirming the robustness of our integrated approach in making location-based decisions for quarries. The resulting maps clearly delineate zones from unsuitable to highly suitable for quarrying. Beyond assessing current quarrying practices, our findings offer strategic insights for future site planning and establishment, showcasing adaptability and potential for replication. This research provides a practical model for improving material extraction practices, aligning with sustainable development needs, and serving as a valuable tool for policymakers and industry stakeholders.
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- Tomazinakis S., Valakas G., Gaki A., Damigos D., Adam K.: The significance of SDGs for the raw materials sector: A stakeholders’ approach in three ESEE countries. Materials Proceedings, vol. 5(1), 2021, 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2021005048.
- Inyang H.I.: Materials extraction and use within the framework of global sustainable development. Journal of Energy Engineering, vol. 135(11), 2009, pp. 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9402(2009)135:1(1).
- Volk R., Müller R., Reinhardt J., Schultmann F.: An integrated material flows, stakeholders and policies approach to identify and exploit regional resource potentials. Ecological Economics, vol. 161, 2019, pp. 292–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.03.020.
- Schandl H., Fischer-Kowalski M., West J., Giljum S., Dittrich M., Eisenmenger N., Geschke A., Lieber M., Wieland H., Schaffartzik A., Krausmann F., Gierlinger S., Hosking K., Lenzen M., Tanikawa H., Miatto A., Fishman T.: Global material flows and resource productivity: forty years of evidence. Journal of Industrial Ecology, vol. 22(4), 2018, pp. 827–838. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12626.
- Tomazinakis S., Valakas G., Gaki A., Damigos D., Adam K.: The importance and challenges of sustainable development for the raw materials sector: The views of key stakeholders in three ESEE countries. Sustainability, vol. 14(7), 2022, 3933. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073933.
- Mancini L., Nuss P.: Responsible materials management for a resource-efficient and low-carbon society. Resources, vol. 9(6), 2020, 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9060068.
- Bana e Costa C.A., Vansnick J.C.: Preference relations and MCDM. [in:] Gal T., Stewart T.J., Hanne T. (eds.), Multicriteria Decision Making, International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, vol. 21, Springer, Boston 1999, pp. 99–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5025-9_4.
- Belton V., Stewart T.J.: Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: An Integrated Approach. Springer, New York 2002.
- Bana e Costa C.A., Chagas M.P.: A career choice problem: An example of how to use MACBETH to build a quantitative value model based on qualitative value judgments. European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 153(12), 2004, pp. 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00155-3.
- Hewelke E.A., Graczyk M.: Ecosystem services as a decision support system in spatial planning and environmental protection. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, vol. 2016(149), 2016, pp. 33–40. https://doi.org/10.12912/23920629/64222.
- Kostecka J.: References of the concept of retardation of natural resources transformation into selected legislative acts in the context of building sustainable development and circular economy. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, vol. 18(16), 2017, pp. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.12912/23920629/79430.
- Hattabi S., Amellal I., Maataoui S.: An assessment of the relevance of locating the exploitation of raw materials quarries in a framework of sustainable development: Use of the MACBETH method case of the Province of Settat. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, vol. 23(4), 2022, pp. 21–30. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/149518.
- Hattabi S., Amellal I., Maataoui S.: Analysis of the relevance of the location of quarrying surfaces by using a multi-criteria decision support tool taking into account the sustainable territorial development (Case of Settat – Morocco). Copyright @ EM International, vol. 29(12), 2023, pp. 2023–2527.
- Hewelke E.A., Wiśniewska E.: Analysis of ecosystem services as a tool in the development of local environmental protection programs. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, vol. 19(5), 2018, pp. 83–90. https://doi.org/10.12912/23920629/96220.
- Chovancová J., Majerník M., Drábik P., Štofko Z.: Environmental technological innovations and the sustainability of their development. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, vol. 24(4), 2023, pp. 245–252. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/162708.
- Amellal I., Bouzidi A.: Localisation industrielle – utilisation d’un outil d’aide à la décision multicritère et d’un SIG: Application au cas de la région ChaouiaOuardigha au Maroc [Industrial location-use of a tool for multi-criteria decision and GIS: An application to the Chaouia-Ouardigha region in Morocco]. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, vol. 14(1), 2016, pp. 243–253.
- Saber E.R., Rhazi M., Rhazi L., Ballais J.L.: Utilisation de la télédétection et des systèmes d’informations géographiques pour l’évaluation de la dynamique du paysage: Cas d’une zone boisée de la province de Benslimane (Maroc occidental). Revue forestière française, vol. 60(5), 2008, pp. 657–666.
- Tavares G., Zsigraiová Z., Semiao V.: Multi-criteria GIS-based siting of an incineration plant for municipal solid waste. Waste Management, vol. 31(9–10), 2011, pp. 1960–1972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.04.013.
- Younsi F.Z., Hamdadou D., Beldjilali B.: Proposition d’un Système Interactif d’Aide à la Décision Spatiale: Télédétection, SIG et Analyse Multicritère [conference poster ]. Conférence Internationale sur l’Informatique et ses Applications, 2008. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-547/167.pdf.
- Douissa M.R., Jabeur K.: A non-compensatory classification approach for multi-criteria ABC analysis. Soft Computing: A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications, vol. 24, 2020, pp. 9525–9556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-019-04462-w.
- Chakraborty S., Chatterjee P., Das P.P.: ELimination Et Choice Translating REality (ELECTRE). [in:] Chakraborty S., Chatterjee P., Das P.P., Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods in Manufacturing Environments: Models and Applications, Apple Academic Press, 2024, pp. 111–121.
- Bohra S.S., Anvari-Moghaddam A.: A comprehensive review on applications of multicriteria decision-making methods in power and energy systems. International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 46(4), 2022, pp. 4088–4118. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7517.
- Meadows D., Randers J., Meadows D.: Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, White River Junction, Vermont, 2004.
- Wackernagel M., Galli A.: Ecological footprint: Economic performance and resource constraints. Global Dialogue (Online), vol. 14(1), 2012, p. 13.
- Raworth K.: A safe and just space for humanity: Can we live within the doughnut? Oxfam Discussion Papers, Oxfam International, 2012. https://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/a-safe-and-just-space-for-humanity-can-we-live-within-the-doughnut-210490/.
- Wang S., Li J., Razzaq A.: Do environmental governance, technology innovation and institutions lead to lower resource footprints: An imperative trajectory for sustainability. Resources Policy, vol. 80, 2023, 103142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103142.
- Campbell-Johnston K., Vermeulen W.J., Reike D., Brullot S.: The circular economy and cascading: Towards a framework. Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X, vol. 7, 2020, 100038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcrx.2020.100038.
- Schilling J., Schilling-Vacaflor A., Flemmer R., Froese R.: A political ecology perspective on resource extraction and human security in Kenya, Bolivia and Peru. The Extractive Industries and Society, vol. 8(4), 2021, 100826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.10.009.
- Ai W., Dong W., Liu Y.: Connecting ferrous metal extraction, sustainable urban development, and resource management in diverse economies. Resources Policy, vol. 90, 2024, 104743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104743.
- Saaty T.L.: Theory of the analytic hierarchy process. Part 2.1. System Research and Information Technologies, no. 1, 2003, pp. 48–71.
- Jeronen E.: Sustainable development. [in:] Idowu S., Schmidpeter R., Capaldi N., Zu L., Del Baldo M., Abreu R. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, Springer, Cham 2020, pp. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02006-4_193-1.
- Darkaoui A., Ouahman B.: Impacts environnementaux de l’exploitation des carrières dans les oasis d’Ouarzazate [conference poster ]. Les écosystèmes oasiens... transformations et perspectives de développement, Jan 2019, Ouarzazate, Maroc. https://hal.science/hal-02145406v2.
References
Tomazinakis S., Valakas G., Gaki A., Damigos D., Adam K.: The significance of SDGs for the raw materials sector: A stakeholders’ approach in three ESEE countries. Materials Proceedings, vol. 5(1), 2021, 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/materproc2021005048.
Inyang H.I.: Materials extraction and use within the framework of global sustainable development. Journal of Energy Engineering, vol. 135(11), 2009, pp. 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9402(2009)135:1(1).
Volk R., Müller R., Reinhardt J., Schultmann F.: An integrated material flows, stakeholders and policies approach to identify and exploit regional resource potentials. Ecological Economics, vol. 161, 2019, pp. 292–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.03.020.
Schandl H., Fischer-Kowalski M., West J., Giljum S., Dittrich M., Eisenmenger N., Geschke A., Lieber M., Wieland H., Schaffartzik A., Krausmann F., Gierlinger S., Hosking K., Lenzen M., Tanikawa H., Miatto A., Fishman T.: Global material flows and resource productivity: forty years of evidence. Journal of Industrial Ecology, vol. 22(4), 2018, pp. 827–838. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12626.
Tomazinakis S., Valakas G., Gaki A., Damigos D., Adam K.: The importance and challenges of sustainable development for the raw materials sector: The views of key stakeholders in three ESEE countries. Sustainability, vol. 14(7), 2022, 3933. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073933.
Mancini L., Nuss P.: Responsible materials management for a resource-efficient and low-carbon society. Resources, vol. 9(6), 2020, 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9060068.
Bana e Costa C.A., Vansnick J.C.: Preference relations and MCDM. [in:] Gal T., Stewart T.J., Hanne T. (eds.), Multicriteria Decision Making, International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, vol. 21, Springer, Boston 1999, pp. 99–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5025-9_4.
Belton V., Stewart T.J.: Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: An Integrated Approach. Springer, New York 2002.
Bana e Costa C.A., Chagas M.P.: A career choice problem: An example of how to use MACBETH to build a quantitative value model based on qualitative value judgments. European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 153(12), 2004, pp. 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00155-3.
Hewelke E.A., Graczyk M.: Ecosystem services as a decision support system in spatial planning and environmental protection. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, vol. 2016(149), 2016, pp. 33–40. https://doi.org/10.12912/23920629/64222.
Kostecka J.: References of the concept of retardation of natural resources transformation into selected legislative acts in the context of building sustainable development and circular economy. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, vol. 18(16), 2017, pp. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.12912/23920629/79430.
Hattabi S., Amellal I., Maataoui S.: An assessment of the relevance of locating the exploitation of raw materials quarries in a framework of sustainable development: Use of the MACBETH method case of the Province of Settat. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, vol. 23(4), 2022, pp. 21–30. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/149518.
Hattabi S., Amellal I., Maataoui S.: Analysis of the relevance of the location of quarrying surfaces by using a multi-criteria decision support tool taking into account the sustainable territorial development (Case of Settat – Morocco). Copyright @ EM International, vol. 29(12), 2023, pp. 2023–2527.
Hewelke E.A., Wiśniewska E.: Analysis of ecosystem services as a tool in the development of local environmental protection programs. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, vol. 19(5), 2018, pp. 83–90. https://doi.org/10.12912/23920629/96220.
Chovancová J., Majerník M., Drábik P., Štofko Z.: Environmental technological innovations and the sustainability of their development. Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, vol. 24(4), 2023, pp. 245–252. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/162708.
Amellal I., Bouzidi A.: Localisation industrielle – utilisation d’un outil d’aide à la décision multicritère et d’un SIG: Application au cas de la région ChaouiaOuardigha au Maroc [Industrial location-use of a tool for multi-criteria decision and GIS: An application to the Chaouia-Ouardigha region in Morocco]. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, vol. 14(1), 2016, pp. 243–253.
Saber E.R., Rhazi M., Rhazi L., Ballais J.L.: Utilisation de la télédétection et des systèmes d’informations géographiques pour l’évaluation de la dynamique du paysage: Cas d’une zone boisée de la province de Benslimane (Maroc occidental). Revue forestière française, vol. 60(5), 2008, pp. 657–666.
Tavares G., Zsigraiová Z., Semiao V.: Multi-criteria GIS-based siting of an incineration plant for municipal solid waste. Waste Management, vol. 31(9–10), 2011, pp. 1960–1972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.04.013.
Younsi F.Z., Hamdadou D., Beldjilali B.: Proposition d’un Système Interactif d’Aide à la Décision Spatiale: Télédétection, SIG et Analyse Multicritère [conference poster ]. Conférence Internationale sur l’Informatique et ses Applications, 2008. https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-547/167.pdf.
Douissa M.R., Jabeur K.: A non-compensatory classification approach for multi-criteria ABC analysis. Soft Computing: A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications, vol. 24, 2020, pp. 9525–9556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-019-04462-w.
Chakraborty S., Chatterjee P., Das P.P.: ELimination Et Choice Translating REality (ELECTRE). [in:] Chakraborty S., Chatterjee P., Das P.P., Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods in Manufacturing Environments: Models and Applications, Apple Academic Press, 2024, pp. 111–121.
Bohra S.S., Anvari-Moghaddam A.: A comprehensive review on applications of multicriteria decision-making methods in power and energy systems. International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 46(4), 2022, pp. 4088–4118. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.7517.
Meadows D., Randers J., Meadows D.: Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, White River Junction, Vermont, 2004.
Wackernagel M., Galli A.: Ecological footprint: Economic performance and resource constraints. Global Dialogue (Online), vol. 14(1), 2012, p. 13.
Raworth K.: A safe and just space for humanity: Can we live within the doughnut? Oxfam Discussion Papers, Oxfam International, 2012. https://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/a-safe-and-just-space-for-humanity-can-we-live-within-the-doughnut-210490/.
Wang S., Li J., Razzaq A.: Do environmental governance, technology innovation and institutions lead to lower resource footprints: An imperative trajectory for sustainability. Resources Policy, vol. 80, 2023, 103142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.103142.
Campbell-Johnston K., Vermeulen W.J., Reike D., Brullot S.: The circular economy and cascading: Towards a framework. Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X, vol. 7, 2020, 100038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcrx.2020.100038.
Schilling J., Schilling-Vacaflor A., Flemmer R., Froese R.: A political ecology perspective on resource extraction and human security in Kenya, Bolivia and Peru. The Extractive Industries and Society, vol. 8(4), 2021, 100826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.10.009.
Ai W., Dong W., Liu Y.: Connecting ferrous metal extraction, sustainable urban development, and resource management in diverse economies. Resources Policy, vol. 90, 2024, 104743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104743.
Saaty T.L.: Theory of the analytic hierarchy process. Part 2.1. System Research and Information Technologies, no. 1, 2003, pp. 48–71.
Jeronen E.: Sustainable development. [in:] Idowu S., Schmidpeter R., Capaldi N., Zu L., Del Baldo M., Abreu R. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, Springer, Cham 2020, pp. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02006-4_193-1.
Darkaoui A., Ouahman B.: Impacts environnementaux de l’exploitation des carrières dans les oasis d’Ouarzazate [conference poster ]. Les écosystèmes oasiens... transformations et perspectives de développement, Jan 2019, Ouarzazate, Maroc. https://hal.science/hal-02145406v2.