Geomatics and Environmental Engineering, vol. 18, no. 5

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Vol. 18 No. 5 (2024): Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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Submitted
Jun 4, 2024
Accepted
Sep 16, 2024
Published
Oct 22, 2024
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Hydrochemical Assessment of Groundwater in Ludhiana and Amritsar Districts of Punjab and Identification of Fluoride Hotspots using GIS

https://doi.org/10.7494/geom.2024.18.5.41
Kaikho Khusulio
Lovely Professional University, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Punjab, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9515-2776
Neeta Raj Sharma
Lovely Professional University, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Punjab, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8638-4217
Rohan Kumar
Lovely Professional University, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Punjab, India
Iswar Chandra Das
National Remote Sensing Centre ISRO, Hyderabad, India
Raj Setia
Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

Corresponding Author(s) : Neeta Raj Sharma

sharmaneetaraj@gmail.com

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering, Vol. 18 No. 5 (2024): Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

Abstract

High fluoride concentrations in soil, water, or air can pose serious environmental and health risks to plants, and animals. Along with other hydrochemical parameters, this study investigates fluoride concentrations in the groundwater in the Ludhiana and Amritsar districts of Punjab, India. A total of 222 water samples were uniformly collected at approximately five-kilometer intervals for hydrochemical analyses. Statistical methods such as inverse distance weighting (IDW) and correlation matrices were used to assess the fluoride distribution and its relationships with other parameters. According to WHO guidelines, most fluoride concentrations were below 0.6 ppm in Ludhiana (84.30%) and Amritsar (77.23%). Fluoride levels that were within the permissible range (0.6–1.5 ppm) were found in 15.70% of Ludhiana’s samples and 21.78% of Amritsar’s samples; only 1% of Amritsar’s samples exceeded the permissible limit (>1.5 ppm). The water quality index (WQI) analysis indicated that
0.83% of the groundwater samples from the Ludhiana district and 4.95% from the Amritsar district were unfit for consumption. This study demonstrates the importance of standardized sample collection and the use of GIS technology for comprehensive hydrochemical assessments, raising awareness and reducing health risks.

Keywords

hydrochemistry groundwater geographic information system (GIS) water quality index (WQI)
Khusulio, K., Sharma, N. R., Kumar, R., Das, I. C. ., & Setia, R. (2024). Hydrochemical Assessment of Groundwater in Ludhiana and Amritsar Districts of Punjab and Identification of Fluoride Hotspots using GIS. Geomatics and Environmental Engineering, 18(5), 41–73. https://doi.org/10.7494/geom.2024.18.5.41
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