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Accuracy Assessment of a Variety of GPS Data Processing, Online Services and Software
Corresponding Author(s) : Israa H. Mohammed
Geomatics and Environmental Engineering,
Vol. 15 No. 4 (2021): Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
Abstract
The processing of GPS observations in precise positioning is complex and requires professional surveyors since it must be carried out after each static measurement. In GPS network adjustment, the obtaining of the correct coordinates of the determined point is possible after determining the components of GPS vectors and aligning the networks of these vectors, while PPP requires the availability of precise products for the reference satellites orbits and clock. For that reason, surveyors can take advantage of free online GPS data processing. In this paper, the authors compare the results obtained from different sources of free online GPS data processing (AUSPOS, OPUS, CenterPoint RTX, APPS, MagicGNSS, CSRS-PPP, GAPS, and SCOUT) in terms of their accuracy, availability, and operation. This is then compared with free GPS processing software (gLAB and RTKLIB), and finally with commercial software (TBC Trimble Business Center). The results show that online processing services are more accurate than offline processing software, which indicates the strength of their algorithms and processes. The CSRS-PPP online service had the best results. The difference between the relative solution of AUSPOS and OPUS, and CSRS-PPP is insignificant.
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- Al-Kadi I.: GPS Satellite Surveying in Developing Countries – A Review. Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences, vol. 1, no. 2, 1989, pp. 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1018-3639(18)30863-8.
- Albayrak M., Erdoğan B., Erkaya H.: Performance analysis of web-based relative and precise point positioning techniques with different satellite visibility conditions. Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas, vol. 26, no. 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1982-21702020000100003.
- Doucet K., Herwig M., Kipka A., Kreikenbohm P., Landau H., Leandro R., Moessmer M., Pagels C.: Introducing ambiguity resolution in webhosted global multi-GNSS precise positioning with Trimble RTX-PP. [in:] Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2012), vol. 17, no. 21, Institute of Navigation, 2012, pp. 1115–1125.
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- UNB (University of New Brunswick): GAPS. http://gaps.gge.unb.ca/ [access: 8.06.2021].
- SOPAC (Scripps Orbit and Permanent Array Center ): SCOUT: Scripps Coordinate Update Tool. http://sopac-old.ucsd.edu/scout.shtml [access: 8.06.2021].
- JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory): The Automatic Precise Positioning Service of the Global Differential GPS (GDGPS) System. https://pppx.gdgps.net/ [access: 8.06.2021].
- GMV: MagicGNSS. https://magicgnss.gmv.com/ [access: 8.06.2021].
- Trimble: Welcome to Trimble Centerpoint© Rtx Post-Processing Service. https://trimblertx.com/UploadForm.aspx [access: 8.06.2021].
- NOS (National Geodetic Survey): OPUS: Online Positioning User Service. https://geodesy.noaa.gov/OPUS/ [access: 8.06.2021].
- Jha M.K., Singh S., Upadhyay N., Khare N.: Comparative Study of Online GPS Post Processing Services and Effects on DGPS Data Processing. International Research Journal of Management Science & Technology, vol. 7, no. 1, 2016, pp. 29–35.
- Schwarz C.R., Snay R.A., Soler T.: Accuracy assessment of the National Geodetic Survey’s OPUS-RS utility. GPS Solutions, vol. 13, no. 2, 2009, pp. 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-008-0105-0.
- Jia M., Dawson J., Moore M.: AUSPOS: Geoscience Australia’s on-line GPS positioning service. [in:] Proceedings of the 27th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2014), Institute of Navigation, 2014, pp. 315–320.
- Abd-Elazeem M., Farah A., Farrag F.: Assessment study of using online (CSRS) GPS-PPP Service for mapping applications in Egypt. Journal of Geodetic Science, vol. 1, no. 3, 2011, pp. 233–239. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10156-011-0001-3.
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- Kong J.-M., Park J.-K., Lee C.-G., Lee Y.-W.: Accuracy analysis of online GPS data processing service. Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry Cartography, vol. 28, no. 1, 2010, pp. 13–20.
- El Shouny A., Miky Y.: Accuracy assessment of relative and precise point position- ing online GPS processing services. Journal of Applied Geodesy, vol. 13, no. 3, 2019, pp. 215–227. https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2018-0046.
- Ghoddousi-Fard R., Dare P.: Online GPS processing services: an initial study. GPS Solutions, vol. 10, no. 1, 2006, pp. 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-005-0147-5.
- Tétreault P., Kouba J., Héroux P., Legree P.J.G.: CSRS-PPP: an internet service for GPS user access to the Canadian Spatial Reference Frame. vol. 59, no. 1, 2005, pp. 17–28.
- Tobías G., Calle J.D., Navarro P., Rodríguez I., Rodríguez D.: magicGNSS’Real-Time POD and PPP Multi-GNSS Service. [in:] Proceedings of the 27th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2014), Institute of Navigation, 2014, pp. 1046–1055.
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- Nardo A., Drescher R., Brandl M., Chen X., Landau H., Rodriguez-Solano C., Seeger S., Weinbach U.: Experiences with trimble CenterPoint RTX with fast con- vergence. [in:] ESA ENC Conference 2015.
- Leandro R., Santos M., Langley R.: GAPS: The GPS analysis and positioning software – a brief overview. [in:] Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2007), Institute of Navigation, 2007, pp. 1807–1811.
- Jia M., Dawson J., Moore M.: AUSPOS: Geoscience Australia’s on-line GPS Positioning Service. [in:] Proceedings of the 27th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2014), Institute of Navigation, 2014, pp. 315–320.
- Francis M.G., Ziegler G.: Training Manual for Online Positioning User Service (OPUS). ND Department of Transportation Surveys & Photogrammetry, 2007. https://www.dot.nd.gov/manuals/design/surveymanual/opus.pdf [access: 8.06.2021].
- Hernandez-Pajares M., Juan J., Sanz J., Ramos-Bosch P., Rovira-Garcia A., Salazar D., Ventura-Traveset J., Lopez-Echazarreta C., Hein G.: The ESA/UPC GNSS-Lab tool (gLAB): An advanced multipurpose package for GNSS data processing. [in:] 2010 5th ESA Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technologies and Europe- an Workshop on GNSS Signals and Signal Processing (NAVITEC), 2010, NJ IEEE, Piscataway 2010, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/NAVITEC.2010.5708032.
- RTKLIB: An Open Source Program Package for GNSS Positioning. http://www. rtklib.com/ [access: 8.06.2021].
- Novikova E., Palamar A., Makhonko S., Barna A., Privalova O.: Transformation parameters between UCS-2000 and WGS-84. Geodesy Cartography, vol. 44, no. 2, 2018, pp. 50–54. https://doi.org/10.3846/gac.2018.1830.
- SOPAC/CSRC Archive. http://garner.ucsd.edu [access: 27.08.2021].
- Chen Chao Science Network blog. http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-858128-1203892.html [access: 8.06.2021].
References
Al-Kadi I.: GPS Satellite Surveying in Developing Countries – A Review. Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences, vol. 1, no. 2, 1989, pp. 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1018-3639(18)30863-8.
Albayrak M., Erdoğan B., Erkaya H.: Performance analysis of web-based relative and precise point positioning techniques with different satellite visibility conditions. Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas, vol. 26, no. 1, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1982-21702020000100003.
Doucet K., Herwig M., Kipka A., Kreikenbohm P., Landau H., Leandro R., Moessmer M., Pagels C.: Introducing ambiguity resolution in webhosted global multi-GNSS precise positioning with Trimble RTX-PP. [in:] Proceedings of the 25th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2012), vol. 17, no. 21, Institute of Navigation, 2012, pp. 1115–1125.
Canada.ca: Precise Point Positioning. https://webapp.geod.nrcan.gc.ca/geod/tools-outils/ppp.php [access: 8.06.2021].
UNB (University of New Brunswick): GAPS. http://gaps.gge.unb.ca/ [access: 8.06.2021].
SOPAC (Scripps Orbit and Permanent Array Center ): SCOUT: Scripps Coordinate Update Tool. http://sopac-old.ucsd.edu/scout.shtml [access: 8.06.2021].
JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory): The Automatic Precise Positioning Service of the Global Differential GPS (GDGPS) System. https://pppx.gdgps.net/ [access: 8.06.2021].
GMV: MagicGNSS. https://magicgnss.gmv.com/ [access: 8.06.2021].
Trimble: Welcome to Trimble Centerpoint© Rtx Post-Processing Service. https://trimblertx.com/UploadForm.aspx [access: 8.06.2021].
NOS (National Geodetic Survey): OPUS: Online Positioning User Service. https://geodesy.noaa.gov/OPUS/ [access: 8.06.2021].
Jha M.K., Singh S., Upadhyay N., Khare N.: Comparative Study of Online GPS Post Processing Services and Effects on DGPS Data Processing. International Research Journal of Management Science & Technology, vol. 7, no. 1, 2016, pp. 29–35.
Schwarz C.R., Snay R.A., Soler T.: Accuracy assessment of the National Geodetic Survey’s OPUS-RS utility. GPS Solutions, vol. 13, no. 2, 2009, pp. 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-008-0105-0.
Jia M., Dawson J., Moore M.: AUSPOS: Geoscience Australia’s on-line GPS positioning service. [in:] Proceedings of the 27th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2014), Institute of Navigation, 2014, pp. 315–320.
Abd-Elazeem M., Farah A., Farrag F.: Assessment study of using online (CSRS) GPS-PPP Service for mapping applications in Egypt. Journal of Geodetic Science, vol. 1, no. 3, 2011, pp. 233–239. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10156-011-0001-3.
Ocalan T.: Accuracy assessment of GPS precise point positioning (PPP) technique using different web-based online services in a forest environment. Šumarski list, vol. 140, no. 7–8, 2016, pp. 357–367. https://doi.org/10.31298/sl.140.7-8.4.
Kong J.-M., Park J.-K., Lee C.-G., Lee Y.-W.: Accuracy analysis of online GPS data processing service. Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry Cartography, vol. 28, no. 1, 2010, pp. 13–20.
El Shouny A., Miky Y.: Accuracy assessment of relative and precise point position- ing online GPS processing services. Journal of Applied Geodesy, vol. 13, no. 3, 2019, pp. 215–227. https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2018-0046.
Ghoddousi-Fard R., Dare P.: Online GPS processing services: an initial study. GPS Solutions, vol. 10, no. 1, 2006, pp. 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-005-0147-5.
Tétreault P., Kouba J., Héroux P., Legree P.J.G.: CSRS-PPP: an internet service for GPS user access to the Canadian Spatial Reference Frame. vol. 59, no. 1, 2005, pp. 17–28.
Tobías G., Calle J.D., Navarro P., Rodríguez I., Rodríguez D.: magicGNSS’Real-Time POD and PPP Multi-GNSS Service. [in:] Proceedings of the 27th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2014), Institute of Navigation, 2014, pp. 1046–1055.
Canada.ca: Geodetic tools and data. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/maps-tools-publications/tools/geodetic-reference-systems-tools/tools-applications/10925#ppp [access: 8.06.2021].
Nardo A., Drescher R., Brandl M., Chen X., Landau H., Rodriguez-Solano C., Seeger S., Weinbach U.: Experiences with trimble CenterPoint RTX with fast con- vergence. [in:] ESA ENC Conference 2015.
Leandro R., Santos M., Langley R.: GAPS: The GPS analysis and positioning software – a brief overview. [in:] Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2007), Institute of Navigation, 2007, pp. 1807–1811.
Jia M., Dawson J., Moore M.: AUSPOS: Geoscience Australia’s on-line GPS Positioning Service. [in:] Proceedings of the 27th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2014), Institute of Navigation, 2014, pp. 315–320.
Francis M.G., Ziegler G.: Training Manual for Online Positioning User Service (OPUS). ND Department of Transportation Surveys & Photogrammetry, 2007. https://www.dot.nd.gov/manuals/design/surveymanual/opus.pdf [access: 8.06.2021].
Hernandez-Pajares M., Juan J., Sanz J., Ramos-Bosch P., Rovira-Garcia A., Salazar D., Ventura-Traveset J., Lopez-Echazarreta C., Hein G.: The ESA/UPC GNSS-Lab tool (gLAB): An advanced multipurpose package for GNSS data processing. [in:] 2010 5th ESA Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technologies and Europe- an Workshop on GNSS Signals and Signal Processing (NAVITEC), 2010, NJ IEEE, Piscataway 2010, pp. 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/NAVITEC.2010.5708032.
RTKLIB: An Open Source Program Package for GNSS Positioning. http://www. rtklib.com/ [access: 8.06.2021].
Novikova E., Palamar A., Makhonko S., Barna A., Privalova O.: Transformation parameters between UCS-2000 and WGS-84. Geodesy Cartography, vol. 44, no. 2, 2018, pp. 50–54. https://doi.org/10.3846/gac.2018.1830.
SOPAC/CSRC Archive. http://garner.ucsd.edu [access: 27.08.2021].
Chen Chao Science Network blog. http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-858128-1203892.html [access: 8.06.2021].