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The Development of Geotourism with the Use of 3D Digital Cave Model. A Case Study of the Bear Cave, Slovakia
Corresponding Author(s) : Katarína Pukanská
Geomatics and Environmental Engineering,
Vol. 14 No. 2 (2020): Geomatics and Environmental Engineering
Abstract
Cave tourism (speleotourism) is very popular all over the world within the broader category of geotourism. Slovakia is also well‑known for its karst areas and caves, but most of them are not freely open to the public. This paper presents how to make a cave "œaccessible" without physically entering it. This can be facilitated through the use of digital 3D models. Visitors are then able to experience cave tours through 3D projections and 3D cinema. This would allow people with disabilities and those with claustrophobia to enjoy caving. An added advantage is that the cave environment remains untouched. This paper provides a comprehensive scan of the Bear Cave using Leica ScanStation C10 terrestrial laser scanner. During the 3D modelling of the Bear Cave, Trimble RealWorks software was used to process and analyze the large data sets recorded by the scanner. As a result, not only were visualizations and images of 3D models from the cave obtained, but also a 3D animation was made using the Bentley Pointools software. The information included in this paper has been compiled from all phases of the measuring and data processing of the Bear Cave.
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- Hose T.: The English Origins of Geotourism (as a Vehicle for Geoconservation) and Their Relevance to Current Studies. Acta Geographica Slovenica, vol. 51(2), 2011, pp. 343–359. https://doi.org/10.3986/ags51302.
- Wimbledon W.A.P.: Geosites – A New Conservation Initiative. Episodes, vol. 19(3), 1996, pp. 87–88.
- Dernas M., Maekawa S., Bell J., Agnew N.: Sustainable visitation at the Mogao Grottoes: A Methodology for Visitor Carrying Capacity. [in:] Agnew N. (ed.), Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People’s Republic of China, June 28–July 3, 2004, Getty Publications, 2010, pp. 160–169.
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- Lobo H., Moretti E.: Tourism in Caves and the Conservation of the Speleological Heritage: The Case of Serra da Bodoquena (Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil). Acta Carsologica, vol. 38(2–3), 2009, pp. 265–276. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v38i2-3.127.
- Lobo H., Trajano E., Marinho M., Bichuette M., Scaleante J., Scaleante O. et al.: Projection of tourist scenarios onto fragility maps: Framework for determina‑ tion of provisional tourist carrying capacity in a Brazilian show cave. Tourism Management, vol. 35, 2013, pp. 234–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.07.008.
- Furey N., Racey P.: Conservation Ecology of Cave Bats. [in:] Voigt C., Kingtson T. (eds.), Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World, Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 463–500.
- Cardiff S., Ratrimomanarivo F., Rembert G., Goodman S.: Hunting, disturbance and roost persistence of bats in caves at Ankarana, northern Madagas‑ car. African Journal of Ecology, vol. 47(4), 2009, pp. 640–649. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01015.x.
- Cosso T., Ferrando I., Orlando A.: High‑precision laser scanning for cave tour‑ ism: 3D reconstruction of the Pollera cave, Italy. GIM International, vol. 29(3), 2015, pp. 23–26.
- Buchroithner M., Gaisecker T.: Terrestrial Laser Scanning for the Visualization of a Complex Dome in an Extreme Alpine Cave System. Photogrammetrie – Fernerkundung – Geoinformation, Heft 4, 2009, pp. 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1127/1432-8364/2009/0025.
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- Cui J., Chow Y., Zhang M.: A voxel‑based octree construction approach for procedural cave generation. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, vol. 11(6), 2011, pp. 160–168.
- Ballesteros D., Jiménez‑Sánchez M., Domínguez‑Cuesta M.: Geomorphological maps and 3d models in cave research. [in:] European Geoscience Union General Assembly 2013, European Geoscience Union Vienna 2013, pp. 7–12.
- Remondino F.: Heritage Recording and 3D Modeling with Photogrammetry and 3D Scanning. Remote Sensing, vol. 3(6), 2011, pp. 1104–1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs3061104.
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- Chen J.: Data Visualization and Virtual Reality. [in:] Rao C.R., Wegman E.J., Solka J.L. (eds.), Data Mining and Data Visualization, Handbook of Statistics, vol. 24, Elsevier, 2005, pp. 539–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/s01697161(04)24017-2.
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- Carmo M., Cláudio A.: 3D Virtual Exhibitions. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, vol. 33(3), 2013, pp. 222–235. https://doi.org/10.14429/djlit.33.3.4608.
- Rezníček J., Pavelka K.: New low‑cost 3D scanning techniques for cultural heritage documentation. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. 37, 2008, pp. 237–240.
- Štroner M., Pospíšil J., Kostka B., Křemen T., Urban R., Smítka V., Třasák P.: 3D skenovací systémy. České vysoké učení technické v Praze, Praha 2013.
- Štroner M., Michal O., Urban R.: Maximal precision increment method utilization for underground geodetic height network optimization. Acta Montanistica Slovaca, vol. 22(1), 2017, pp. 32–42.
- Slovak Caves Administration. http://ssj.sk [access: 1.10.2019].
- Tulis J.: Anthropogenic impact on Karst regions in the National Park “Slovak Paradise”. Studia Carsologica, vol. 3, 1990, pp. 45–55.
- Benický V.: Medvedia jaskyňa. Slovenský Kras, 1, 1958, pp. 116–117.
- Blaha L.: O Medvedej jaskyni. Krásy Slovenska – Príloha 7, 30(10), 1953.
- Národná prírodná pamiatka Medvedia jaskyňa. 2019. http://uzemia.enviroportal.sk/main/detail/cislo/610 [access: 1.10.2019].
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- Sásik C.: Geologicko‑paleontologický výskum Medvedej jaskyne v Slovenskom raji. Krásy Slovenska – Príloha 7, 30(10), 1953.
- Novotný L., Tulis J.: Kras slovenského raja. Správa slovenských jaskýň, Liptovský Mikuláš 2005.
- Fejfar O.: Zpráva o výzkumu Medvědí jeskyně ve Slovenském raji. Krásy Slovenska – Príloha 7, 30(10), 1953.
- Bella P.: Geomorfologické faktory priestorovej diferenciácie, časových a časopriestorových zmien jaskynných geosystémov. Geomorphologia Slovaca et Bohemica, vol. 11(2), 2011, pp. 19–31
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- Bella P.: Genetické typy jaskýň. Verbum, Ružomberok 2011.
- Bolitho M., Kazhdan M., Burns R., Hoppe H.: Multilevel streaming for out‑of‑core surface reconstruction. [in:] Proceedings of the Fifth Eurographics Sym‑ posium on Geometry Processing, Barcelona, Spain, July 4–6, 2007, ACM Interna‑ tional Conference Proceeding Series, 257, Eurographics Association, 2007, pp. 69–78.
- Tometzová D., Hlavňová B., Rybár P.: The proposal on educational theme park for local tourism development. Research Journal of Mining, vol. 1(3), 2017, pp. 139–145.
- Jaskinia Niedźwiedzia w Kletnie [Bear Cave in Kletno]. http://jaskinianiedzwiedzia.pl [access: 1.10.2019].
- Cacoń S., Mąkolski K., Kaczałek M.: Land‑surveying measurements realized in Jaskina Niedźwiedzia by employees and students of Wroclaw University of En‑ vironmental and Life Sciences. [in:] Materiały 48. Sympozjum Speleologicznego: Kletno, 16–19.10.2014 r., Sekcja Speleologiczna Polskiego Towarzystwa Przy‑ rodników im. Kopernika, Kraków 2014, pp. 61–62.
References
Hose T.: The English Origins of Geotourism (as a Vehicle for Geoconservation) and Their Relevance to Current Studies. Acta Geographica Slovenica, vol. 51(2), 2011, pp. 343–359. https://doi.org/10.3986/ags51302.
Wimbledon W.A.P.: Geosites – A New Conservation Initiative. Episodes, vol. 19(3), 1996, pp. 87–88.
Dernas M., Maekawa S., Bell J., Agnew N.: Sustainable visitation at the Mogao Grottoes: A Methodology for Visitor Carrying Capacity. [in:] Agnew N. (ed.), Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People’s Republic of China, June 28–July 3, 2004, Getty Publications, 2010, pp. 160–169.
Jurinčič I., Balažič G.: Determining the carrying capacity of the Škocjan caves park for the implementation of sustainable visitor management. [in:] Jere Jaku‑ lin T. (ed.), Turizem in kakovost življenja: mednarodna konferenca: zbornik povzet‑ kov [Tourism and quality of life: international conference: book of abstracts], Turi‑ stica, Fakulteta za turistične študije, Portorož 2011, pp. 205–215.
Lobo H., Moretti E.: Tourism in Caves and the Conservation of the Speleological Heritage: The Case of Serra da Bodoquena (Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil). Acta Carsologica, vol. 38(2–3), 2009, pp. 265–276. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v38i2-3.127.
Lobo H., Trajano E., Marinho M., Bichuette M., Scaleante J., Scaleante O. et al.: Projection of tourist scenarios onto fragility maps: Framework for determina‑ tion of provisional tourist carrying capacity in a Brazilian show cave. Tourism Management, vol. 35, 2013, pp. 234–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.07.008.
Furey N., Racey P.: Conservation Ecology of Cave Bats. [in:] Voigt C., Kingtson T. (eds.), Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World, Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 463–500.
Cardiff S., Ratrimomanarivo F., Rembert G., Goodman S.: Hunting, disturbance and roost persistence of bats in caves at Ankarana, northern Madagas‑ car. African Journal of Ecology, vol. 47(4), 2009, pp. 640–649. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01015.x.
Cosso T., Ferrando I., Orlando A.: High‑precision laser scanning for cave tour‑ ism: 3D reconstruction of the Pollera cave, Italy. GIM International, vol. 29(3), 2015, pp. 23–26.
Buchroithner M., Gaisecker T.: Terrestrial Laser Scanning for the Visualization of a Complex Dome in an Extreme Alpine Cave System. Photogrammetrie – Fernerkundung – Geoinformation, Heft 4, 2009, pp. 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1127/1432-8364/2009/0025.
Custódio R., Dantas M., Prata A., Donato C., Morato L.: O turismo virtual de cavernas como instrumento didático‑inclusivo. Nature and Conservation, vol. 6(2), 2014, pp. 71–84. https://doi.org/10.6008/ess2318-2881.2013.002.0008.
Cui J., Chow Y., Zhang M.: A voxel‑based octree construction approach for procedural cave generation. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, vol. 11(6), 2011, pp. 160–168.
Ballesteros D., Jiménez‑Sánchez M., Domínguez‑Cuesta M.: Geomorphological maps and 3d models in cave research. [in:] European Geoscience Union General Assembly 2013, European Geoscience Union Vienna 2013, pp. 7–12.
Remondino F.: Heritage Recording and 3D Modeling with Photogrammetry and 3D Scanning. Remote Sensing, vol. 3(6), 2011, pp. 1104–1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs3061104.
Leonov A., Anikushkin M., Bobkov A., Rys I., Kozlikin M., Shunkov M. et al.: Development of a Virtual 3d Model of Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, vol. 42(3), 2014, pp. 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeae.2015.04.003.
Núñez M., Buill F., Edo M.: 3D model of the Can Sadurní cave. Journal of Ar‑ chaeological Science, vol. 40(12), 2013, pp. 4420–4428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.07.006.
Gallay M., Kaňuk J., Hochmuth Z., Meneely J., Hofierka J., Sedlák V.: Large‑scale and high‑resolution 3-D cave mapping by terrestrial laser scanning: a case study of the Domica Cave, Slovakia. International Journal of Speleology, vol. 44(3), 2015, pp. 277–291. https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.44.3.6.
Bieda A., Bydłosz J., Parzych P., Pukanská K., Wójciak E.: 3D Technologies as the Future of Spatial Planning: the Example of Krakow. Geomatics and Envi‑ ronmental Engineering, vol. 14(1), 2020, pp. 15–33. https://doi.org/10.7494/geom.2020.14.1.15.
Chen J.: Data Visualization and Virtual Reality. [in:] Rao C.R., Wegman E.J., Solka J.L. (eds.), Data Mining and Data Visualization, Handbook of Statistics, vol. 24, Elsevier, 2005, pp. 539–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/s01697161(04)24017-2.
Mack G.: Nouvelles présentations au Queensland Museum, Brisbane. Museum International (Edition Francaise), vol. 6(3), 2009, pp. 178–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5825.1953.tb00141.x.
Feruglio V., Péral J., Aujoulat N.: Déclinaison d’une base de données 3D – Sur les pas de Breuil, une visite virtuelle de Lascaux. In Situ, vol. 13, 2010. https://doi.org/10.4000/insitu.6783.
Carmo M., Cláudio A.: 3D Virtual Exhibitions. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, vol. 33(3), 2013, pp. 222–235. https://doi.org/10.14429/djlit.33.3.4608.
Rezníček J., Pavelka K.: New low‑cost 3D scanning techniques for cultural heritage documentation. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. 37, 2008, pp. 237–240.
Štroner M., Pospíšil J., Kostka B., Křemen T., Urban R., Smítka V., Třasák P.: 3D skenovací systémy. České vysoké učení technické v Praze, Praha 2013.
Štroner M., Michal O., Urban R.: Maximal precision increment method utilization for underground geodetic height network optimization. Acta Montanistica Slovaca, vol. 22(1), 2017, pp. 32–42.
Slovak Caves Administration. http://ssj.sk [access: 1.10.2019].
Tulis J.: Anthropogenic impact on Karst regions in the National Park “Slovak Paradise”. Studia Carsologica, vol. 3, 1990, pp. 45–55.
Benický V.: Medvedia jaskyňa. Slovenský Kras, 1, 1958, pp. 116–117.
Blaha L.: O Medvedej jaskyni. Krásy Slovenska – Príloha 7, 30(10), 1953.
Národná prírodná pamiatka Medvedia jaskyňa. 2019. http://uzemia.enviroportal.sk/main/detail/cislo/610 [access: 1.10.2019].
Tulis J.: Medvedia jaskyňa v Slovenskom raji. [in:] Výskum, využívanie a ochra‑ na jaskýň, 4. vedecká konferencia s medzinárodnou účasťou, Tále, Slovakia 2003, pp. 55–72.
Sásik C.: Geologicko‑paleontologický výskum Medvedej jaskyne v Slovenskom raji. Krásy Slovenska – Príloha 7, 30(10), 1953.
Novotný L., Tulis J.: Kras slovenského raja. Správa slovenských jaskýň, Liptovský Mikuláš 2005.
Fejfar O.: Zpráva o výzkumu Medvědí jeskyně ve Slovenském raji. Krásy Slovenska – Príloha 7, 30(10), 1953.
Bella P.: Geomorfologické faktory priestorovej diferenciácie, časových a časopriestorových zmien jaskynných geosystémov. Geomorphologia Slovaca et Bohemica, vol. 11(2), 2011, pp. 19–31
Bendík A.: Medveď jaskynný – mýtus a skutočnosť [Blog]. 21.04.2011. https://bendik.blog.sme.sk/c/263103/Medved-jaskynny-mytus-a-skutocnost-I-cast.html#ixzz2m8FWkHle [access: 1.10.2019].
Bella P.: Genetické typy jaskýň. Verbum, Ružomberok 2011.
Bolitho M., Kazhdan M., Burns R., Hoppe H.: Multilevel streaming for out‑of‑core surface reconstruction. [in:] Proceedings of the Fifth Eurographics Sym‑ posium on Geometry Processing, Barcelona, Spain, July 4–6, 2007, ACM Interna‑ tional Conference Proceeding Series, 257, Eurographics Association, 2007, pp. 69–78.
Tometzová D., Hlavňová B., Rybár P.: The proposal on educational theme park for local tourism development. Research Journal of Mining, vol. 1(3), 2017, pp. 139–145.
Jaskinia Niedźwiedzia w Kletnie [Bear Cave in Kletno]. http://jaskinianiedzwiedzia.pl [access: 1.10.2019].
Cacoń S., Mąkolski K., Kaczałek M.: Land‑surveying measurements realized in Jaskina Niedźwiedzia by employees and students of Wroclaw University of En‑ vironmental and Life Sciences. [in:] Materiały 48. Sympozjum Speleologicznego: Kletno, 16–19.10.2014 r., Sekcja Speleologiczna Polskiego Towarzystwa Przy‑ rodników im. Kopernika, Kraków 2014, pp. 61–62.